What are kidney stones？ 什么是肾结石？
Kidney stones are made of salts and minerals in the urine that stick together to form small＂pebbles．＂They are usually painless while they remain in the kidney，but they can cause severe pain as they travel through the ureters（narrow tubes that connect the kidneys and the bladder）to exit the body during urination．
肾结石是由尿液中的盐和矿物质组成的，它们粘在一起形成小的“鹅卵石”。它们在留在肾脏中时通常是无痛的，但当它们通过输尿管（连接肾脏和膀胱的窄管）排出体外时，它们会引起剧烈的疼痛排尿。
There are four main types of kidney stones，and they can be as small as grains of sand or as large as a golf ball．Kidney stones occur most often in adults and are rare in children．
肾结石主要有四种类型，它们可以小到沙粒，也可以大到高尔夫球。
What cause kidney stones？
什么原因导致肾结石？
Kidney stones may form when the normal balance of water，salts，minerals，and other substances found in urine changes．How this balance changes determines the type of kidney stone you have．Most kidney stones are calcium－type．They form when the calcium levels in your urine change．
当尿液中发现的水、盐、矿物质和其他物质的正常平衡发生变化时，就会形成肾结石。这种平衡的变化决定了您患有的肾结石的类型。大多数肾结石是钙型的。当尿液中的钙水平发生变化时，它们就会形成。
Factors that change your urine balance include：
改变尿平衡的因素包括：
－Not drinking enough water．When you don＇t drink enough water，the salts， minerals，and other substances in the urine can stick together and form a stone． This is the most common cause of kidney stones．
- 没有喝足够的水，尿液中的盐分、矿物质和其他物质会粘在一起形成结石。这是肾结石的最常见原因。
－Medical conditions．Many medical conditions can affect the normal balance and cause stones to form．Examples include gout and inflammatory bowel disease，such as Crohn＇s disease．
- 医疗条件许多医疗条件会影响正常平衡并导致结石的形成。例如痛风和炎症性肠病，如克罗恩病。
More commonly，kidney stones can run in families，as stones often occur in family members over several generations．
更常见的是，肾结石可以在家族中遗传，因为结石经常发生在几代人的家族成员中。
In rare cases，a person forms kidney stones because the parathyroid glands produce too much of a hormone，which leads to higher calcium levels and possibly calcium kidney stones．
在极少数情况下，一个人形成肾结石是因为甲状旁腺产生过多的激素，这会导致钙水平升高，并可能导致钙肾结石。
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
肾结石的症状是什么？
Kidney stones form in the kidney. If they stay in the kidney, they typically do not cause pain. When they travel out of the body through the tubes of the urinary tract (including the ureters, which connect the kidney to the bladder, or the urethra, which leads outside the body), their movement may cause:
肾结石在肾脏中形成。如果它们留在肾脏中，通常不会引起疼痛。当它们通过尿路管道（包括连接肾脏和膀胱的输尿管或通向体外的尿道）排出体外时，它们的运动可能会导致：
- No symptoms, if the stone is small enough.
如果结石足够小，则无症状。
- Sudden, severe pain that gets worse in waves. Stones may cause intense pain in the back, side, abdomen, groin, or genitals. People who have had a kidney stone often describe the pain as “the worst pain I’ve ever had.”
突然的剧烈疼痛，一波又一波地加重。结石可能会导致背部、侧面、腹部、腹股沟或生殖器剧烈疼痛。患有肾结石的人经常将这种疼痛描述为“我经历过的最严重的痛苦”。
- Feeling sick to the stomach (nausea) and vomiting.
感觉胃部不适（恶心）和呕吐。
- Blood in the urine (hematuria), which can occur either with stones that stay in the kidney or with those that travel through the ureters.
尿中带血（血尿），这可能发生在留在肾脏中的结石或穿过输尿管的结石中。
- Frequent and painful urination, which may occur when the stone is in the ureter or after the stone has left the bladder and is in the urethra. Painful urination may occur when a urinary tract infection is also present.
尿频和排尿疼痛，当结石在输尿管中或结石离开膀胱进入尿道后可能发生。当还存在尿路感染时，可能会出现排尿疼痛。
- Conditions with similar symptoms include appendicitis, hernias, ectopic pregnancy, and prostatitis.
具有相似症状的疾病包括阑尾炎、疝气、异位妊娠和前列腺炎。
How are kidney stones diagnosed?
如何诊断肾结石？
The patient’s first diagnosis of kidney stones often occurs when he see the doctor or go to an emergency room because he is in great pain. The doctor or an emergency medicine specialist will ask the patient questions and examine him. After the patient passes a stone, the doctor may give him another exam to find out whether he is likely to get kidney stones again.
患者第一次诊断为肾结石通常是在他去看医生或去急诊室时，因为他非常痛苦。医生或急诊医学专家会向患者提问并对其进行检查。患者排出结石后，医生可能会给他再做一次检查，看看他是否有可能再次患上肾结石。
Tests to diagnose kidney stones
诊断肾结石的检查
The doctor may do one or more of the following tests to help diagnose kidney stones, see where the stones are located, and find out if they are causing or may cause damage to the urinary tract
医生可能会进行以下一项或多项检查来帮助诊断肾结石，查看结石的位置，并找出它们是否正在或可能对尿路造成损害
- A noncontrast spiral computed tomography (CT) scan is the preferred test for kidney stones. It is a special type of CT scan that moves in a circle.
平扫螺旋计算机断层扫描 （CT） 是肾结石的首选检查。这是一种特殊类型的 CT 扫描，可以绕圈移动。
- An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an X-ray test that can show the size, shape, and position of the urinary tract, including the kidneys and ureters. See an IVP of a kidney stone
静脉肾盂造影 （IVP） 是一种 X 射线测试，可以显示尿路的大小、形状和位置，包括肾脏和输尿管。查看肾结石的 IVP
- A retrograde pyelogram may be done if the IVP or CT scan does not provide a diagnosis.
如果 IVP 或 CT 扫描不能提供诊断，则可以进行逆行肾盂造影。
- Urinalysis and urine cultures test your urine. An abdominal X-ray (KUB) gives
尿液分析和尿培养可检测您的尿液。腹部 X 线检查 （KUB） 提供
a picture of the kidneys，the bladder，and the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder（ureters）．
肾脏、膀胱以及连接肾脏和膀胱的管道（输尿管）的照片。
－An ultrasound exam of the kidneys（ultrasonogram）is the preferred test for pregnant women．
- 肾脏超声检查（超声检查）是孕妇的首选检查。
Tests to find out the type of stone
检查以确定结石类型
Determining the type of the patient＇s kidney stone will help with treatment decisions and measures to prevent stones from forming again．Tests include：
确定患者肾结石的类型将有助于做出治疗决策和防止结石再次形成的措施。
－A medical history and physical exam．
– 病史和体格检查。
－Stone analysis． - 结石分析。
－Blood chemistry screen，to measure kidney function，levels of calcium，uric acid，phosphorus，electrolytes，and other substances that may have caused the stone to form．
- 血液化学筛查，测量肾功能、钙、尿酸、磷、电解质和其他可能导致结石形成的物质水平。
－Urine collection for 24 hours，to measure volume， pH ，calcium，oxalate，uric acid，and other substances that may have caused the stone to form．This is a test the patient may do at home．
- 收集 24 小时的尿液，以测量体积、pH 值、钙、草酸盐、尿酸和其他可能导致结石形成的物质。
How are they treated？ 他们是如何治疗的？
For small stones，most people don＇t need any treatment other than taking pain medicine and drinking enough fluids．
对于小结石，大多数人除了服用止痛药和喝足够的液体外，不需要任何治疗。
Treatment for your first stone
首颗结石的治疗
If the doctor thinks the stone can pass on its own，and if you feel you can deal with the pain，he or she may suggest home treatment，including：
如果医生认为结石可以自行排出，并且您觉得自己可以处理疼痛，他或她可能会建议家庭治疗，包括：
－Using pain medicine．Nonprescription medicine，such as nonsteroidal anti－ inflammatory drugs（NSAIDs），may relieve your pain．Your doctor can prescribe stronger pain medicine if needed．
-使用止痛药非处方药，如非甾体抗炎药 （NSAIDs），可以缓解您的疼痛。如果需要，您的医生可以开出更强效的止痛药。
－Drinking enough fluids．You＇ll need to keep drinking water and other fluids when you are passing a kidney stone．
- 喝足够的液体.当您排出肾结石时，您需要保持饮水和其他液体。
The doctor may prescribe medicine to help your body pass the stone．To learn more，see Medications．
医生可能会开药来帮助您的身体排出 stone.To 了解更多信息，请参阅药物。
If your pain is too severe，if the stones are blocking the urinary tract，or if you also have an infection，your doctor will probably suggest a medical procedure，such as lithotripsy，or surgery to deal with the stone．
如果您的疼痛太严重，如果结石阻塞了尿路，或者您也有感染，您的医生可能会建议进行医疗程序，例如碎石术或手术来处理结石。
Medicine to help pass stones
帮助排出结石的药物
Medicine you can buy without a prescription，such as nonsteroidal anti－inflammatory drugs（NSAIDs），may relieve your pain while you pass a stone．
您可以购买非处方药，例如非甾体抗炎药 （NSAID），可以缓解您排入结石时的疼痛。
Your doctor may also prescribe medicine to help your body pass the stone．Alpha－ blockers have been shown to help kidney stones pass more quickly with very few side
您的医生也可能会开药来帮助您的身体排出结石。α 受体阻滞剂已被证明可以帮助肾结石更快地排出，但侧面很少