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Glossary of Legal Terms 法律術語詞彙表

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A

Acquittal 無罪釋放: A jury verdict that a criminal defendant is not guilty, or the finding of a judge that the evidence is insufficient to support a conviction.
陪審團裁決刑事被告無罪，或法官認定證據不足以支持定罪的裁定。
Active judge 主動法官: A judge in the full-time service of the court. Compare to senior judge.
全職法官。與高級法官相比。
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) 美國法院行政辦公室 (AO): The federal agency responsible for collecting court statistics, administering the federal courts' budget, and performing many other administrative and programmatic functions, under the direction and supervision of the Judicial Conference of the United States.
負責收集法院統計數據、管理聯邦法院預算以及在美國司法會議的指導和監督下執行許多其他行政和計劃職能的聯邦機構。
Admissible 可接受的: A term used to describe evidence that may be considered by a jury or judge in civil and criminal cases.
用來描述陪審團或法官在民事和刑事案件中可能考慮的證據的術語。
Adversary proceeding 對抗程序: A lawsuit arising in or related to a bankruptcy case that begins by filing a complaint with the court, that is, a "trial" that takes place within the context of a bankruptcy case.
與破產案件相關或由破產案件引起的訴訟，通過向法院提交起訴狀開始，即在破產案件的背景下進行的“審判”。
Affidavit 宣誓書: A written or printed statement made under oath.
在宣誓下所作的書面或印刷聲明。
Affirmed 確認: In the practice of the court of appeals, it means that the court of appeals has concluded that the lower court decision is correct and will stand as rendered by the lower court.
在上訴法院的實踐中，這意味著上訴法院已經得出結論，認為下級法院的裁決是正確的，並將維持下級法院的裁決。
Alternate juror 替補陪審員: A juror selected in the same manner as a regular juror who hears all the evidence but does not help decide the case unless called on to replace a regular juror.
一名陪審員以與常規陪審員相同的方式被選出，聽取所有證據，但除非被要求替換常規陪審員，否則不參與案件的裁決。
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 替代性爭端解決 (ADR): A procedure for settling a dispute outside the courtroom. Most forms of ADR are not binding, and involve referral of the case to a neutral party such as an arbitrator or mediator.
一種在法庭外解決爭端的程序。大多數形式的替代性爭端解決（ADR）並不具約束力，並涉及將案件轉介給中立方，例如仲裁人或調解人。
Amicus curiae 友善的法庭之友: Latin for "friend of the court." It is advice formally offered to the court in a brief filed by an entity interested in, but not a party to, the case.
拉丁文意為「法庭之友」。這是由對案件感興趣但不是當事方的實體在提交的簡報中正式提供給法庭的建議。
Answer 回答: The formal written statement by a defendant in a civil case that responds to a complaint, articulating the grounds for defense.
被告在民事案件中對訴狀的正式書面陳述，闡明辯護的理由。
Appeal 上訴: A request made after a trial by a party that has lost on one or more issues that a higher court review the decision to determine if it was correct. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the "appellant;" the other party is the "appellee."
上訴是指在審判後，敗訴的一方請求更高法院審查該決定以確定其是否正確。提出此類請求稱為「上訴」或「提出上訴」。提出上訴的一方稱為「上訴人」；另一方則稱為「被上訴人」。
Appellant 上訴人: The party who appeals a district court's decision, usually seeking reversal of that decision.
上訴區域法院裁決的一方，通常尋求推翻該裁決。
Appellate 上訴的: About appeals; an appellate court has the power to review the judgment of a lower court (trial court) or tribunal. For example, the U.S. circuit courts of appeals review the decisions of the U.S. district courts.
關於上訴；上訴法院有權審查下級法院（審判法院）或法庭的判決。例如，美國巡迴上訴法院審查美國地區法院的裁決。
Appellee 被上訴人: The party who opposes an appellant's appeal, and who seeks to persuade the appeals court to affirm the district court's decision.
反對上訴人上訴的一方，並試圖說服上訴法院確認地方法院的裁決。
Arraignment 提訊: A proceeding in which a criminal defendant is brought into court, told of the charges in an indictment or information, and asked to plead guilty or not guilty.
一個程序，其中刑事被告被帶入法庭，告知起訴書或指控中的指控，並被要求認罪或不認罪。
Article III judge 第三條法官: A federal judge who is appointed for life, during "good behavior," under Article III of the Constitution. Article III judges are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
根據憲法第三條，聯邦法官是終身任命的，任期內需保持「良好行為」。第三條法官由總統提名，並由參議院確認。
Assets 資產: Property of all kinds, including real and personal, tangible and intangible.
各種財產，包括不動產和動產、有形和無形。
Assume 假設: An agreement to continue performing duties under a contract or lease.
繼續履行合同或租約下的義務的協議。
Automatic stay 自動暫停: An injunction that automatically stops lawsuits, foreclosures, garnishments, and most collection activities against the debtor the moment a bankruptcy petition is filed.
一項禁令，會在破產申請提交的瞬間自動停止對債務人的訴訟、止贖、扣押和大多數催收活動。

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B

Bail 保釋: The release, prior to trial, of a person accused of a crime, under specified conditions designed to assure that person's appearance in court when required. Also, can refer to the amount of bond money posted as a financial condition of pretrial release.
在審判之前，根據特定條件釋放被控犯罪的人，以確保該人在需要時出庭。也可以指作為預審釋放的財務條件所繳納的保釋金額。
Bankruptcy 破產: A legal procedure for dealing with debt problems of individuals and businesses; specifically, a case filed under one of the chapters of title 11 of the United States Code (the Bankruptcy Code).
一種處理個人和企業債務問題的法律程序；具體而言，是根據美國法典第 11 編（破產法）中的某一章節提出的案件。
Bankruptcy administrator 破產管理人: An officer of the Judiciary serving in the judicial districts of Alabama and North Carolina who, like the United States trustee, is responsible for supervising the administration of bankruptcy cases, estates, and trustees; monitoring plans and disclosure statements; monitoring creditors' committees; monitoring fee applications; and performing other statutory duties.
一名在阿拉巴馬州和北卡羅來納州司法區域服務的司法官員，與美國受託人相似，負責監督破產案件、遺產和受託人的管理；監控計劃和披露聲明；監控債權人委員會；監控費用申請；以及執行其他法定職責。
Bankruptcy code 破產法典: The informal name for title 11 of the United States Code (11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1330), the federal bankruptcy law.
美國法典第 11 章的非正式名稱（11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1330），即聯邦破產法。
Bankruptcy court 破產法庭: The bankruptcy judges in regular active service in each district; a unit of the district court.
每個地區的破產法官在正常的活躍服務中；地區法院的一個單位。
Bankruptcy estate 破產財產: All interests of the debtor in property at the time of the bankruptcy filing. The estate technically becomes the temporary legal owner of all of the debtor's property.
所有債務人在破產申請時對財產的所有權益。該財產在技術上成為債務人所有財產的臨時法律所有者。
Bankruptcy judge 破產法官: A judicial officer of the United States district court who is the court official with decision-making power over federal bankruptcy cases.
美國地區法院的司法官，是對聯邦破產案件擁有決策權的法院官員。
Bankruptcy petition 破產申請書: A formal request for the protection of the federal bankruptcy laws. (There is an official form for bankruptcy petitions.)
正式請求聯邦破產法的保護。（有官方的破產申請表格。）
Bankruptcy trustee 破產受託人: A private individual or corporation appointed in all Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 cases to represent the interests of the bankruptcy estate and the debtor's creditors.
在所有第 7 章和第 13 章案件中，指定的私人個人或公司，代表破產財產和債務人債權人的利益。
Bench trial 陪審團審判: A trial without a jury, in which the judge serves as the fact-finder.
沒有陪審團的審判，法官擔任事實查明者。
Brief 簡介: A written statement submitted in a trial or appellate proceeding that explains one side's legal and factual arguments.
在審判或上訴程序中提交的書面陳述，解釋一方的法律和事實論點。
Burden of proof 證明責任: The duty to prove disputed facts. In civil cases, a plaintiff generally has the burden of proving his or her case. In criminal cases, the government has the burden of proving the defendant's guilt. (See standard of proof.)
證明爭議事實的責任。在民事案件中，原告通常負有證明其案件的責任。在刑事案件中，政府負有證明被告有罪的責任。（參見證明標準。）
Business bankruptcy 商業破產: A bankruptcy case in which the debtor is a business or an individual involved in business and the debts are for business purposes.
一宗破產案件，其中債務人是企業或從事商業的個人，且債務是為商業目的而產生的。

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C

Capital offense 死刑罪: A crime punishable by death.
可判死刑的罪行。
Case file 案件檔案: A complete collection of every document filed in court in a case.
案件中提交的每一份文件的完整集合。
Case law 案例法: The law as established in previous court decisions. A synonym for legal precedent. Akin to common law, which springs from tradition and judicial decisions.
法律是根據先前法院裁決所建立的。法律先例的同義詞。類似於普通法，源於傳統和司法決定。
Caseload 案件負擔: The number of cases handled by a judge or a court.
法官或法院處理的案件數量。
Cause of action 訴訟原因: A legal claim. 法律主張。
Chambers 室內: The offices of a judge and his or her staff.
法官及其工作人員的辦公室。
Chapter 11 第十一章: A reorganization bankruptcy, usually involving a corporation or partnership. A Chapter 11 debtor usually proposes a plan of reorganization to keep its business alive and pay creditors over time. Individuals or people in business can also seek relief in Chapter 11.
重組破產，通常涉及公司或合夥企業。第 11 章的債務人通常會提出一項重組計劃，以保持其業務運營並在一段時間內償還債權人。個人或商業人士也可以在第 11 章中尋求救濟。
Chapter 12 第十二章: The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for adjustment of debts of a "family farmer" or "family fisherman," as the terms are defined in the Bankruptcy Code.
破產法中規定“家庭農民”或“家庭漁民”債務調整的章節，這些術語在破產法中有明確定義。
Chapter 13 第十三章: The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for the adjustment of debts of an individual with regular income, often referred to as a "wage-earner" plan. Chapter 13 allows a debtor to keep property and use his or her disposable income to pay debts over time, usually three to five years.
破產法第 13 章規定了有固定收入的個人債務調整，通常稱為「工資收入者」計劃。第 13 章允許債務人保留財產，並利用其可支配收入在一段時間內償還債務，通常為三到五年。
Chapter 13 trustee 第十三章受託人: A person appointed to administer a Chapter 13 case. A Chapter 13 trustee's responsibilities are similar to those of a Chapter 7 trustee; however, a Chapter 13 trustee has the additional responsibilities of overseeing the debtor's plan, receiving payments from debtors, and disbursing plan payments to creditors.
一位被任命來管理第 13 章案件的人。第 13 章受託人的職責類似於第 7 章受託人；然而，第 13 章受託人還有額外的責任，包括監督債務人的計劃、接收債務人的付款以及將計劃付款分發給債權人。
Chapter 15 第十五章: The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code dealing with cases of cross-border insolvency.
涉及跨境破產案件的破產法章節。
Chapter 7 第七章: The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for "liquidation," that is, the sale of a debtor's nonexempt property and the distribution of the proceeds to creditors. In order to be eligible for Chapter 7, the debtor must satisfy a "means test." The court will evaluate the debtor's income and expenses to determine if the debtor may proceed under Chapter 7.
破產法典中規定「清算」的章節，即出售債務人的非豁免財產並將收益分配給債權人。為了符合第七章的資格，債務人必須通過「收入測試」。法院將評估債務人的收入和支出，以確定債務人是否可以根據第七章進行申請。
Chapter 7 trustee 第七章受託人: A person appointed in a Chapter 7 case to represent the interests of the bankruptcy estate and the creditors. The trustee's responsibilities include reviewing the debtor's petition and schedules, liquidating the property of the estate, and making distributions to creditors. The trustee may also bring actions against creditors or the debtor to recover property of the bankruptcy estate.
在第七章案件中被任命的人，負責代表破產財產和債權人的利益。受託人的職責包括審查債務人的請願書和時間表、變現財產以及向債權人分配款項。受託人還可以對債權人或債務人提起訴訟，以追回破產財產。
Chapter 9 第九章: The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for reorganization of municipalities (which includes cities and towns, as well as villages, counties, taxing districts, municipal utilities, and school districts).
破產法中規定市鎮重組的章節（包括城市和城鎮，以及村莊、縣、徵稅區、公共事業和學區）。
Chief judge 首席法官: The judge who has primary responsibility for the administration of a court; chief judges are determined by seniority
負責法院管理的主要法官；首席法官由資歷決定
Claim 索賠: A creditor's assertion of a right to payment from a debtor or the debtor's property.
債權人對債務人或債務人財產的付款權利主張。
Class action 集體訴訟: A lawsuit in which one or more members of a large group, or class, of individuals or other entities sue on behalf of the entire class. The district court must find that the claims of the class members contain questions of law or fact in common before the lawsuit can proceed as a class action.
一宗訴訟，其中一個或多個大型團體或類別的成員代表整個類別提起訴訟。地方法院必須認定該類別成員的主張包含共同的法律或事實問題，才能使訴訟以集體訴訟的形式進行。
Clerk of court 法庭書記官: The court officer who oversees administrative functions, especially managing the flow of cases through the court. The clerk's office is often called a court's central nervous system.
負責行政職能的法庭官員，特別是管理案件在法庭中的流轉。書記官辦公室通常被稱為法庭的中央神經系統。
Collateral 擔保品: Property that is promised as security for the satisfaction of a debt.
作為滿足債務的擔保而承諾的財產。
Common law 普通法: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States, which relies on the articulation of legal principles in a historical succession of judicial decisions. Common law principles can be changed by legislation.
源自英國並目前在美國使用的法律系統，依賴於歷史上連續的司法判決中法律原則的闡述。普通法原則可以通過立法進行更改。
Community service 社區服務: A special condition the court imposes that requires an individual to work – without pay – for a civic or nonprofit organization.
法院施加的一種特殊條件，要求個人為公民或非營利組織工作——無償。
Complaint 投訴: A written statement that begins a civil lawsuit, in which the plaintiff details the claims against the defendant.
一份書面聲明，開始一宗民事訴訟，原告在其中詳細說明對被告的指控。
Concurrent sentence 同時句: Prison terms for two or more offenses to be served at the same time, rather than one after the other. Example: Two five-year sentences and one three-year sentence, if served concurrently, result in a maximum of five years behind bars.
同時執行的兩項或多項罪行的監禁刑期，而不是一項接著一項。例如：如果兩項五年刑期和一項三年刑期同時執行，則最多只需在監獄中服刑五年。
Confirmation 確認: Approval of a plan of reorganization by a bankruptcy judge.
破產法官批准重組計劃。
Consecutive sentence 連續句子: Prison terms for two or more offenses to be served one after the other. Example: Two five-year sentences and one three-year sentence, if served consecutively, result in a maximum of 13 years behind bars.
對於兩項或多項罪行的監禁刑期將依次服刑。例子：如果兩項五年刑期和一項三年刑期依次服刑，則最多可達 13 年監禁。
Consumer bankruptcy 消費者破產: A bankruptcy case filed to reduce or eliminate debts that are primarily consumer debts.
一宗破產案件，旨在減少或消除主要為消費者債務的債務。
Consumer debts 消費者債務: Debts incurred for personal, as opposed to business, needs.
因個人需求而產生的債務，而非商業需求。
Contingent claim 或有索賠: A claim that may be owed by the debtor under certain circumstances, e.g., where the debtor is a cosigner on another person's loan and that person fails to pay.
在某些情況下，債務人可能需要支付的索賠，例如，當債務人是另一個人貸款的共同簽署人，而該人未能償還貸款時。
Contract 合約: An agreement between two or more people that creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing.
兩個或更多人之間的協議，創造了做或不做某件特定事情的義務。
Conviction 信念: A judgment of guilt against a criminal defendant.
對一名刑事被告的有罪判決。
Counsel 諮詢: Legal advice; a term also used to refer to the lawyers in a case.
法律建議；這個術語也用來指案件中的律師。
Count 計數: An allegation in an indictment or information, charging a defendant with a crime. An indictment or information may contain allegations that the defendant committed more than one crime. Each allegation is referred to as a count.
起訴書或指控中的指控，指控被告犯有罪行。起訴書或指控可能包含被告犯有多項罪行的指控。每項指控稱為一項罪名。
Court 法院: Government entity authorized to resolve legal disputes. Judges sometimes use "court" to refer to themselves in the third person, as in "the court has read the briefs."
政府機構，授權解決法律爭議。法官有時會在第三人稱中使用「法庭」來指代自己，例如「法庭已閱讀辯論書」。
Court reporter 法庭記者: A person who makes a word-for-word record of what is said in court, generally by using a stenographic machine, shorthand or audio recording, and then produces a transcript of the proceedings upon request.
在法庭上逐字記錄所說內容的人，通常使用速記機、速記或音頻錄音，並在要求時製作出庭記錄的副本。
Credit counseling 信用諮詢: Generally refers to two events in individual bankruptcy cases: (1) the "individual or group briefing" from a nonprofit budget and credit counseling agency that individual debtors must attend prior to filing under any chapter of the Bankruptcy Code; and (2) the "instructional course in personal financial management" in chapters 7 and 13 that an individual debtor must complete before a discharge is entered. There are exceptions to both requirements for certain categories of debtors, exigent circumstances, or if the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator have determined that there are insufficient approved credit counseling agencies available to provide the necessary counseling.
一般指個人破產案件中的兩個事件：（1）個人債務人在根據破產法第幾章申請破產之前，必須參加由非營利預算和信用諮詢機構提供的「個人或團體簡報」；（2）在第 7 章和第 13 章中，個人債務人必須在獲得免責之前完成的「個人財務管理指導課程」。對於某些類別的債務人、緊急情況，或如果美國受託人或破產管理人已確定可提供必要諮詢的批准信用諮詢機構不足，則這兩項要求均有例外。
Creditor 債權人: A person to whom or business to which the debtor owes money or that claims to be owed money by the debtor.
債務人欠錢的對象或聲稱債務人欠錢的商業機構。

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D

Damages 損害賠償: Money that a defendant pays a plaintiff in a civil case if the plaintiff has won. Damages may be compensatory (for loss or injury) or punitive (to punish and deter future misconduct).
被告在民事案件中支付給原告的金錢，如果原告勝訴。賠償金可能是補償性（用於損失或傷害）或懲罰性（用於懲罰和威懾未來的不當行為）。
De facto 事實上: Latin, meaning "in fact" or "actually." Something that exists in fact but not as a matter of law.
拉丁文，意指「事實上」或「實際上」。某些事物在事實上存在，但並非法律上的事物。
De jure 法定: Latin, meaning "in law." Something that exists by operation of law.
拉丁文，意指「在法律中」。某種依法律運作而存在的事物。
De novo 重新開始: Latin, meaning "anew." A trial de novo is a completely new trial. Appellate review de novo implies no deference to the trial judge's ruling.
拉丁文，意為「重新」。全新審判（trial de novo）是完全新的審判。上訴審查（appellate review de novo）意味著不對初審法官的裁決表示尊重。
Debtor 債務人: A person who has filed a petition for relief under the Bankruptcy Code.
根據破產法提出救濟請求的人。
Debtor's plan 債務人計劃: A debtor's detailed description of how the debtor proposes to pay creditors' claims over a fixed period of time.
債務人對於如何在固定時間內償還債權人索賠的詳細描述。
Declaratory judgment 宣告性判決: A judge's statement about someone's rights. For example, a plaintiff may seek a declaratory judgment that a particular statute, as written, violates some constitutional right.
法官對某人權利的聲明。例如，原告可能會尋求宣告性判決，認為某項法律的寫法違反了某些憲法權利。
Default judgment 缺席判決: A judgment awarding a plaintiff the relief sought in the complaint because the defendant has failed to appear in court or otherwise respond to the complaint.
判決裁定原告獲得其在訴狀中所尋求的救濟，因為被告未能出庭或以其他方式回應訴狀。
Defendant 被告: An individual (or business) against whom a lawsuit is filed.
被提起訴訟的個人（或企業）。
Defendant 被告: In a civil case, the person or organization against whom the plaintiff brings suit; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
在民事案件中，原告提起訴訟的對象；在刑事案件中，被指控犯罪的人。
Deposition 證詞: An oral statement made before an officer authorized by law to administer oaths. Such statements are often taken to examine potential witnesses, to obtain discovery, or to be used later in trial. See discovery.
在法律授權的官員面前所作的口頭陳述。這類陳述通常用於審查潛在證人、獲取證據或在審判中稍後使用。參見證據發現。
Discharge 放電: A release of a debtor from personal liability for certain dischargeable debts. Notable exceptions to dischargeability are taxes and student loans. A discharge releases a debtor from personal liability for certain debts known as dischargeable debts and prevents the creditors owed those debts from taking any action against the debtor or the debtor's property to collect the debts. The discharge also prohibits creditors from communicating with the debtor regarding the debt, including through telephone calls, letters, and personal contact.
債務人對某些可免責債務的個人責任的解除。可免責的債務有顯著的例外，包括稅款和學生貸款。解除使債務人免除對某些稱為可免責債務的債務的個人責任，並防止債權人對這些債務採取任何行動來追討債務，包括對債務人或債務人的財產。解除還禁止債權人就債務與債務人進行任何溝通，包括通過電話、信件和面對面接觸。
Dischargeable debt 可免除的債務: A debt for which the Bankruptcy Code allows the debtor's personal liability to be eliminated.
根據破產法，債務人可消除個人責任的債務。
Disclosure statement 披露聲明: A written document prepared by the chapter 11 debtor or other plan proponent that is designed to provide "adequate information" to creditors to enable them to evaluate the chapter 11 plan of reorganization.
一份由第 11 章債務人或其他計劃提議者準備的書面文件，旨在向債權人提供「足夠的信息」，以使他們能夠評估第 11 章重組計劃。
Discovery 發現: Procedures used to obtain disclosure of evidence before trial.
在審判前獲取證據披露的程序。
Dismissal with prejudice 有偏見的解僱: Court action that prevents an identical lawsuit from being filed later.
防止相同訴訟在後續提出的法院行動。
Dismissal without prejudice 不予偏見的解雇: Court action that allows the later filing.
法院行動允許後續提交。
Disposable income 可支配收入: Income not reasonably necessary for the maintenance or support of the debtor or dependents. If the debtor operates a business, disposable income is defined as those amounts over and above what is necessary for the payment of ordinary operating expenses.
不合理地必要於債務人或其受撫養人維持或支持的收入。如果債務人經營業務，則可支配收入定義為超過支付普通營運費用所需的金額。
Docket 案卷: A log containing the complete history of each case in the form of brief chronological entries summarizing the court proceedings.
一份包含每個案件完整歷史的日誌，以簡短的時間順序條目總結法庭程序。
Due process 正當程序: In criminal law, the constitutional guarantee that a defendant will receive a fair and impartial trial. In civil law, the legal rights of someone who confronts an adverse action threatening liberty or property.
在刑法中，憲法保證被告將獲得公正和無偏見的審判。在民法中，面對威脅自由或財產的不利行動時，某人的法律權利。

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E

En banc 全體法官: French, meaning "on the bench." All judges of an appellate court sitting together to hear a case, as opposed to the routine disposition by panels of three judges. In the Ninth Circuit, an en banc panel consists of 11 randomly selected judges.
法語，意為「在法官席上」。所有上訴法院的法官共同坐在一起聽取案件，而不是由三名法官的常規小組處理。在第九巡迴法院，合議庭由 11 名隨機選出的法官組成。
Equitable 公平的: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy (see damages). A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something (e.g., injunction). In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases.
涉及「衡平法」而非「法律」的民事訴訟。在英國法律歷史中，「法律」法庭可以命令支付賠償金，並且無法提供其他救濟措施（見賠償金）。一個獨立的「衡平法」法庭可以命令某人做某事或停止做某事（例如，禁令）。在美國法學中，聯邦法庭擁有法律和衡平法的權力，但這一區別仍然非常重要。例如，陪審團審判通常適用於「法律」案件，但不適用於「衡平法」案件。
Equity 股權: The value of a debtor's interest in property that remains after liens and other creditors' interests are considered. (Example: If a house valued at $60,000 is subject to a $30,000 mortgage, there is $30,000 of equity.)
債務人在考慮到留置權和其他債權人的利益後，對財產的權益價值。（例如：如果一棟價值 60,000 美元的房屋有 30,000 美元的抵押貸款，那麼就有 30,000 美元的淨值。）
Evidence 證據: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case in favor of one side or the other.
在證詞或文件中提供的信息，用於說服事實查明者（法官或陪審團）將案件裁定偏向一方或另一方。
Ex parte 單方面: A proceeding brought before a court by one party only, without notice to or challenge by the other side.
單方提起的訴訟，未通知或挑戰另一方。
Exclusionary rule 排除法則: Doctrine that says evidence obtained in violation of a criminal defendant's constitutional or statutory rights is not admissible at trial.
根據該教義，違反刑事被告憲法或法定權利所獲得的證據在審判中不可被接受。
Exculpatory evidence 無罪證據: Evidence indicating that a defendant did not commit the crime.
證據顯示被告並未犯下該罪行。
Executory contracts 執行中合約: Contracts or leases under which both parties to the agreement have duties remaining to be performed. If a contract or lease is executory, a debtor may assume it (keep the contract) or reject it (terminate the contract).
合同或租約的雙方仍有未履行的義務。如果合同或租約是待履行的，債務人可以選擇承擔（保留合同）或拒絕（終止合同）。
Exempt assets 免稅資產: Property that a debtor is allowed to retain, free from the claims of creditors who do not have liens on the property.
債務人被允許保留的財產，免受沒有對該財產擔保權的債權人索賠。
Exemptions, exempt property 免稅、免稅財產: Certain property owned by an individual debtor that the Bankruptcy Code or applicable state law permits the debtor to keep from unsecured creditors. For example, in some states the debtor may be able to exempt all or a portion of the equity in the debtor's primary residence (homestead exemption), or some or all "tools of the trade" used by the debtor to make a living (i.e., auto tools for an auto mechanic or dental tools for a dentist). The availability and amount of property the debtor may exempt depends on the state the debtor lives in.
某些由個人債務人擁有的財產，根據破產法或適用的州法律，允許債務人將其保留在無擔保債權人之外。例如，在某些州，債務人可能能夠豁免其主要居所的全部或部分權益（家庭豁免），或債務人用來謀生的某些或全部「行業工具」（即，汽車技師的汽車工具或牙醫的牙科工具）。債務人可以豁免的財產的可用性和數量取決於債務人所居住的州。

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F

Face sheet filing 面頁檔案: A bankruptcy case filed either without schedules or with incomplete schedules listing few creditors and debts. (Face sheet filings are often made for the purpose of delaying an eviction or foreclosure
一宗破產案件要麼未附上清單，要麼附上的清單不完整，只列出少數債權人和債務。（面頁文件通常是為了延遲驅逐或止贖而提交的。）
Family farmer 家庭農民: An individual, individual and spouse, corporation, or partnership engaged in a farming operation that meets certain debt limits and other statutory criteria for filing a petition under Chapter 12.
一個個人、個人及配偶、公司或合夥企業，從事符合特定債務限額和其他法定標準的農業經營，以便根據第 12 章提交請願。
Federal public defender 聯邦公設辯護人: An attorney employed by the federal courts on a full-time basis to provide legal defense to defendants who are unable to afford counsel. The judiciary administers the federal defender program pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act.
一名全職受僱於聯邦法院的律師，為無法負擔律師費的被告提供法律辯護。司法機構根據刑事司法法管理聯邦辯護人計劃。
Federal public defender organization 聯邦公共辯護人組織: As provided for in the Criminal Justice Act, an organization established within a federal judicial circuit to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford an adequate defense. Each organization is supervised by a federal public defender appointed by the court of appeals for the circuit.
根據《刑事司法法》的規定，在聯邦司法巡迴區內成立的組織，旨在代表無法負擔足夠辯護的刑事被告。每個組織由巡迴上訴法院任命的聯邦公設辯護人進行監督。
Federal question jurisdiction 聯邦問題管轄權: Jurisdiction given to federal courts in cases involving the interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution, acts of Congress, and treaties.
聯邦法院在涉及美國憲法、國會法案和條約的解釋和適用案件中所賦予的管轄權。
Felony 重罪: A serious crime, usually punishable by at least one year in prison.
一種嚴重罪行，通常可處以至少一年監禁。
File 檔案: To place a paper in the official custody of the clerk of court to enter into the files or records of a case.
將文件交給法庭書記官正式保管，以便將其納入案件的檔案或記錄中。
Fraudulent transfer 詐欺轉讓: A transfer of a debtor's property made with intent to defraud or for which the debtor receives less than the transferred property's value.
債務人以詐騙為目的或債務人所獲得的價值低於轉讓財產價值的財產轉讓。
Fresh start 重新開始: The characterization of a debtor's status after bankruptcy, i.e., free of most debts. (Giving debtors a fresh start is one purpose of the Bankruptcy Code.)
破產後債務人地位的特徵，即大多數債務免除。（給予債務人重新開始的機會是破產法的一個目的。）

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G

Grand jury 大陪審團: A body of 16-23 citizens who listen to evidence of criminal allegations, which is presented by the prosecutors, and determine whether there is probable cause to believe an individual committed an offense. See also indictment and U.S. attorney.
一組由 16 至 23 名公民組成的陪審團，聆聽檢察官提出的刑事指控證據，並判斷是否有合理的理由相信某人犯下了罪行。另見起訴和美國檢察官。

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H

Habeas corpus 人身保護令: Latin, meaning "you have the body." A writ of habeas corpus generally is a judicial order forcing law enforcement authorities to produce a prisoner they are holding, and to justify the prisoner's continued confinement. Federal judges receive petitions for a writ of habeas corpus from state prison inmates who say their state prosecutions violated federally protected rights in some way.
拉丁文，意為「你擁有身體。」人身保護令通常是一種司法命令，迫使執法機構出示他們所拘留的囚犯，並為囚犯的持續監禁提供理由。聯邦法官會收到來自州監獄囚犯的請求，這些囚犯聲稱他們的州檢控在某種程度上侵犯了聯邦保護的權利。
Hearsay 傳聞: Evidence presented by a witness who did not see or hear the incident in question but heard about it from someone else. With some exceptions, hearsay generally is not admissible as evidence at trial
證人提供的證據，該證人並未親眼目睹或親耳聽到相關事件，而是從他人那裡聽說的。一般來說，傳聞證據在審判中通常不被接受，儘管有一些例外。
Home confinement 居家禁閉: A special condition the court imposes that requires an individual to remain at home except for certain approved activities such as work and medical appointments. Home confinement may include the use of electronic monitoring equipment – a transmitter attached to the wrist or the ankle – to help ensure that the person stays at home as required.
法院施加的一種特殊條件，要求個人除某些批准的活動（如工作和醫療約診）外，必須留在家中。居家監禁可能包括使用電子監控設備——一個附在手腕或腳踝上的發射器——以幫助確保該人按要求留在家中。

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I

Impeachment 彈劾: 1. The process of calling a witness's testimony into doubt. For example, if the attorney can show that the witness may have fabricated portions of his testimony, the witness is said to be "impeached;" 2. The constitutional process whereby the House of Representatives may "impeach" (accuse of misconduct) high officers of the federal government, who are then tried by the Senate.
1. 對證人證詞的質疑過程。例如，如果律師能夠顯示證人可能捏造了其證詞的部分，則該證人被稱為「遭到彈劾」；2. 一種憲法程序，眾議院可以對聯邦政府的高級官員進行「彈劾」（指控不當行為），這些官員隨後由參議院進行審判。
In camera 在鏡頭內: Latin, meaning in a judge's chambers. Often means outside the presence of a jury and the public. In private.
拉丁文，意指在法官的辦公室。通常意味著在陪審團和公眾的面前之外。私下進行。
In forma pauperis 以貧困者身份: "In the manner of a pauper." Permission given by the court to a person to file a case without payment of the required court fees because the person cannot pay them.
以乞丐的方式。法院允許一個人不支付所需的法院費用而提起訴訟，因為該人無法支付這些費用。
Inculpatory evidence 控罪證據: Evidence indicating that a defendant did commit the crime.
證據顯示被告確實犯下了罪行。
Indictment 起訴書: The formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there is enough evidence that the defendant committed the crime to justify having a trial; it is used primarily for felonies. See also information.
由大陪審團發出的正式指控，表明有足夠的證據證明被告犯下罪行，以證明進行審判的合理性；主要用於重罪。另見資訊。
Information 資訊: A formal accusation by a government attorney that the defendant committed a misdemeanor. See also indictment.
政府律師對被告犯下輕罪的正式指控。另見起訴書。
Injunction 禁令: A court order preventing one or more named parties from taking some action. A preliminary injunction often is issued to allow fact-finding, so a judge can determine whether a permanent injunction is justified.
法院命令禁止一個或多個指定方採取某些行動。初步禁令通常會被發出以便進行事實調查，以便法官能夠判斷是否有理由頒發永久禁令。
Insider (of corporate debtor) 內部人（企業債務人）: A director, officer, or person in control of the debtor; a partnership in which the debtor is a general partner; a general partner of the debtor; or a relative of a general partner, director, officer, or person in control of the debtor.
債務人的董事、官員或控制人；債務人為一般合夥人的合夥企業；債務人的一般合夥人；或一般合夥人、董事、官員或控制人的親屬。
Insider (of individual debtor) 內部人（個別債務人）: Any relative of the debtor or of a general partner of the debtor; partnership in which the debtor is a general partner; general partner of the debtor; or corporation of which the debtor is a director, officer, or person in control.
任何債務人的親屬或債務人的普通合夥人；債務人是普通合夥人的合夥企業；債務人的普通合夥人；或債務人是董事、官員或控制人的公司。
Interrogatories 質詢書: A form of discovery consisting of written questions to be answered in writing and under oath.
一種發現形式，包括書面問題，需以書面方式回答並宣誓。
Issue 問題: 1. The disputed point between parties in a lawsuit; 2. To send out officially, as in a court issuing an order.
1. 訴訟中雙方爭議的焦點；2. 正式發出，如法院發出命令。

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J

Joint administration 聯合管理: A court-approved mechanism under which two or more cases can be administered together. (Assuming no conflicts of interest, these separate businesses or individuals can pool their resources, hire the same professionals, etc.)
法院批准的機制，允許兩個或更多案件一起管理。（假設沒有利益衝突，這些獨立的企業或個人可以合併資源，聘用相同的專業人士等。）
Joint petition 聯合請願: One bankruptcy petition filed by a husband and wife together.
一份由夫妻共同提交的破產申請。
Judge 法官: An official of the Judicial branch with authority to decide lawsuits brought before courts. Used generically, the term judge may also refer to all judicial officers, including Supreme Court justices.
司法機構的官員，擁有決定提交法院的訴訟的權力。一般而言，法官一詞也可指所有司法官員，包括最高法院法官。
Judgeship 法官職位: The position of judge. By statute, Congress authorizes the number of judgeships for each district and appellate court.
法官的職位。根據法規，國會授權每個地區和上訴法院的法官職位數量。
Judgment 判決: The official decision of a court finally resolving the dispute between the parties to the lawsuit.
法院的正式裁決最終解決了訴訟各方之間的爭議。
Judicial Conference of the United States 美國司法會議: The policy-making entity for the federal court system. A 27-judge body whose presiding officer is the Chief Justice of the United States.
聯邦法院系統的政策制定機構。由 27 名法官組成，其首席官為美國首席大法官。
Jurisdiction 管轄權: The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a certain type of case. It also is used as a synonym for venue, meaning the geographic area over which the court has territorial jurisdiction to decide cases.
法院對某類案件進行審理和裁決的法律權限。它也用作管轄地的同義詞，意指法院有權決定案件的地理區域。
Jurisprudence 法理學: The study of law and the structure of the legal system
法律及法律制度結構的研究
Jury 陪審團: The group of persons selected to hear the evidence in a trial and render a verdict on matters of fact. See also grand jury.
陪審團是被選中聽取審判中證據並對事實問題作出裁決的一群人。另見大陪審團。
Jury instructions 陪審團指示: A judge's directions to the jury before it begins deliberations regarding the factual questions it must answer and the legal rules that it must apply.
法官在陪審團開始審議之前對其的指示，涉及陪審團必須回答的事實問題和必須適用的法律規則。

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L

Lawsuit 訴訟: A legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based on a complaint that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty which resulted in harm to the plaintiff.
原告對被告提起的法律行動，基於被告未能履行法律義務而導致原告受到損害的控訴。
Lien 留置權: A charge on specific property that is designed to secure payment of a debt or performance of an obligation. A debtor may still be responsible for a lien after a discharge.
對特定財產的抵押，旨在確保債務的償還或義務的履行。債務人在解除後仍可能對留置權負責。
Liquidated claim 清算索賠: A creditor's claim for a fixed amount of money.
債權人對固定金額的索賠。
Liquidation 清算: The sale of a debtor's property with the proceeds to be used for the benefit of creditors.
債務人財產的出售，其收益將用於債權人的利益。
Litigation 訴訟: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
案件、爭議或訴訟。訴訟中的參與者（原告和被告）稱為訴訟人。

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M

Magistrate judge 地方法官: A judicial officer of a district court who conducts initial proceedings in criminal cases, decides criminal misdemeanor cases, conducts many pretrial civil and criminal matters on behalf of district judges, and decides civil cases with the consent of the parties.
地方法院的司法官，負責在刑事案件中進行初步程序，裁決刑事輕罪案件，代表地方法官處理許多預審的民事和刑事事宜，並在當事人同意的情況下裁決民事案件。
Means test: Section 707(b)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code applies a "means test" to determine whether an individual debtor's chapter 7 filing is presumed to be an abuse of the Bankruptcy Code requiring dismissal or conversion of the case (generally to chapter 13). Abuse is presumed if the debtor's aggregate current monthly income (see definition above) over 5 years, net of certain statutorily allowed expenses is more than (i) $10,000, or (ii) 25% of the debtor's nonpriority unsecured debt, as long as that amount is at least $6,000. The debtor may rebut a presumption of abuse only by a showing of special circumstances that justify additional expenses or adjustments of current monthly income.
根據破產法第 707(b)(2)條，對個人債務人的第 7 章申請是否被推定為濫用破產法進行“手段測試”，這可能需要駁回或轉換案件（通常轉為第 13 章）。如果債務人在 5 年內的總當前月收入（見上文定義）扣除某些法定允許的費用後超過(i) $10,000，或(ii) 債務人非優先無擔保債務的 25%，且該金額至少為$6,000，則推定為濫用。債務人僅能通過證明特殊情況來反駁濫用的推定，這些特殊情況必須能夠證明額外費用或當前月收入的調整是合理的。
Mental health treatment 心理健康治療: Special condition the court imposes to require an individual to undergo evaluation and treatment for a mental disorder. Treatment may include psychiatric, psychological, and sex offense-specific evaluations, inpatient or outpatient counseling, and medication.
法院施加的特殊條件，要求個人接受心理疾病的評估和治療。治療可能包括精神科、心理學和性犯罪特定的評估，住院或門診輔導，以及藥物治療。
Misdemeanor 輕罪: An offense punishable by one year of imprisonment or less. See also felony.
可處以一年或以下監禁的罪行。另見重罪。
Mistrial 誤審: An invalid trial, caused by fundamental error. When a mistrial is declared, the trial must start again with the selection of a new jury.
無效的審判，因根本錯誤而引起。當宣告為無效審判時，必須重新開始審判，並選擇新的陪審團。
Moot 辯論會: Not subject to a court ruling because the controversy has not actually arisen, or has ended
不受法院裁決的約束，因為爭議尚未實際發生或已經結束
Motion 運動: A request by a litigant to a judge for a decision on an issue relating to the case.
當事人向法官請求對與案件相關的問題作出裁決。
Motion in Limine 預審動議: A pretrial motion requesting the court to prohibit the other side from presenting, or even referring to, evidence on matters said to be so highly prejudicial that no steps taken by the judge can prevent the jury from being unduly influenced.
一項預審動議，請求法院禁止對方提出或甚至提及證據，因為這些事項被認為是如此具有偏見，以至於法官所採取的任何措施都無法防止陪審團受到不當影響。
Motion to lift the automatic stay 解除自動暫停的動議: A request by a creditor to allow the creditor to take action against the debtor or the debtor's property that would otherwise be prohibited by the automatic stay.
債權人請求允許其對債務人或債務人的財產採取行動，該行動在自動暫停的情況下本來是被禁止的。

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N

No-asset case 無資產案件: A Chapter 7 case in which there are no assets available to satisfy any portion of the creditors' unsecured claims.
一個第七章案件，其中沒有可用資產來滿足任何部分債權人的無擔保索賠。
Nolo contendere 不抗辯: No contest. A plea of nolo contendere has the same effect as a plea of guilty, as far as the criminal sentence is concerned, but may not be considered as an admission of guilt for any other purpose.
無異議。無爭辯的辯護在刑事判決方面與認罪的辯護具有相同的效果，但在其他任何目的上可能不被視為承認有罪。
Nondischargeable debt 不可免除的債務: A debt that cannot be eliminated in bankruptcy. Examples include a home mortgage, debts for alimony or child support, certain taxes, debts for most government funded or guaranteed educational loans or benefit overpayments, debts arising from death or personal injury caused by driving while intoxicated or under the influence of drugs, and debts for restitution or a criminal fine included in a sentence on the debtor's conviction of a crime. Some debts, such as debts for money or property obtained by false pretenses and debts for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity may be declared nondischargeable only if a creditor timely files and prevails in a nondischargeability action.
無法在破產中消除的債務。例子包括房屋抵押貸款、贍養費或子女撫養費的債務、某些稅款、由政府資助或擔保的教育貸款或福利過付款的債務、因醉駕或在藥物影響下駕駛造成的死亡或人身傷害所產生的債務，以及因債務人被定罪的罪行而判決的賠償或刑罰罰金的債務。某些債務，例如因虛假陳述獲得的金錢或財產的債務，以及在受託人身份下進行詐騙或挪用公款的債務，只有在債權人及時提出並在非免責訴訟中勝訴的情況下，才能被宣告為不可免除。
Nonexempt assets 非豁免資產: Property of a debtor that can be liquidated to satisfy claims of creditors.
債務人的財產，可以變現以滿足債權人的要求。

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O

Objection to dischargeability 對於免責的異議: A trustee's or creditor's objection to the debtor being released from personal liability for certain dischargeable debts. Common reasons include allegations that the debt to be discharged was incurred by false pretenses or that debt arose because of the debtor's fraud while acting as a fiduciary.
受託人或債權人對債務人免除某些可免責債務的個人責任的反對。常見的理由包括指控該可免責債務是因虛假陳述而產生，或該債務是因債務人在擔任受託人時的詐騙行為而產生。
Objection to exemptions 反對豁免: A trustee's or creditor's objection to the debtor's attempt to claim certain property as exempt from liquidation by the trustee to creditors.
受託人或債權人對債務人試圖聲明某些財產免於受託人對債權人的清算的異議。
Opinion 意見: A judge's written explanation of the decision of the court. Because a case may be heard by three or more judges in the court of appeals, the opinion in appellate decisions can take several forms. If all the judges completely agree on the result, one judge will write the opinion for all. If all the judges do not agree, the formal decision will be based upon the view of the majority, and one member of the majority will write the opinion. The judges who did not agree with the majority may write separately in dissenting or concurring opinions to present their views. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority opinion because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law the majority used to decide the case. A concurring opinion agrees with the decision of the majority opinion, but offers further comment or clarification or even an entirely different reason for reaching the same result. Only the majority opinion can serve as binding precedent in future cases. See also precedent.
法官對法院裁決的書面解釋。由於上訴案件可能由三位或更多法官審理，上訴裁決的意見可以採取多種形式。如果所有法官對結果完全一致，則由一位法官為所有人撰寫意見。如果所有法官不同意，則正式決定將基於多數的觀點，由多數中的一位成員撰寫意見。不同意多數的法官可以單獨撰寫反對或附和意見以表達他們的觀點。反對意見因多數所用的推理和/或法律原則而不同於多數意見。附和意見同意多數意見的決定，但提供進一步的評論或澄清，甚至是達成相同結果的完全不同理由。只有多數意見可以作為未來案件的具約束力的先例。另見先例。
Oral argument 口頭辯論: An opportunity for lawyers to summarize their position before the court and also to answer the judges' questions.
律師在法庭上總結其立場並回答法官問題的機會。

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P

Panel 面板

1. In appellate cases, a group of judges (usually three) assigned to decide the case; 2. In the jury selection process, the group of potential jurors; 3. The list of attorneys who are both available and qualified to serve as court-appointed counsel for criminal defendants who cannot afford their own counsel.
1. 在上訴案件中，負責裁決案件的一組法官（通常為三位）；2. 在陪審團選拔過程中，潛在陪審員的群體；3. 一份可用且合格的律師名單，供無法負擔自己律師的刑事被告作為法院指定的辯護律師。

Parole 假釋

The release of a prison inmate – granted by the U.S. Parole Commission – after the inmate has completed part of his or her sentence in a federal prison. When the parolee is released to the community, he or she is placed under the supervision of a U.S. probation officer.
美國假釋委員會批准的監獄囚犯釋放，該囚犯在聯邦監獄中已完成部分刑期。當假釋者被釋放到社區時，他或她將受到美國緩刑官的監督。

The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 abolished parole in favor of a determinate sentencing system in which the sentence is set by sentencing guidelines. Now, without the option of parole, the term of imprisonment the court imposes is the actual time the person spends in prison.
1984 年的量刑改革法案廢除了假釋，取而代之的是一個確定的量刑系統，根據量刑指導方針設定刑期。現在，沒有假釋的選擇，法院判處的監禁期限就是該人實際在監獄中度過的時間。

Party in interest 利害關係方

A party who has standing to be heard by the court in a matter to be decided in the bankruptcy case. The debtor, U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator, case trustee, and creditors are parties in interest for most matters.
在破產案件中，有權在法庭上發言的當事方。債務人、美國受託人或破產管理人、案件受託人以及債權人是大多數事項的利害關係人。

Per curiam 全體法官意見

Latin, meaning "for the court." In appellate courts, often refers to an unsigned opinion.
拉丁文，意為「為法庭」。在上訴法院中，通常指未簽名的意見。

Peremptory challenge 排除性挑戰

A district court may grant each side in a civil or criminal trial the right to exclude a certain number of prospective jurors without cause or giving a reason.
地方法院可以授予民事或刑事審判中的每一方在不需理由的情況下排除一定數量的潛在陪審員的權利。

Petit jury (or trial jury) 陪審團（或審判陪審團）

A group of citizens who hear the evidence presented by both sides at trial and determine the facts in dispute. Federal criminal juries consist of 12 persons. Federal civil juries consist of at least six persons.
一群公民，他們在審判中聽取雙方提出的證據並確定爭議事實。聯邦刑事陪審團由 12 人組成。聯邦民事陪審團由至少六人組成。

Petition 請願書

The document that initiates the filing of a bankruptcy proceeding, setting forth basic information regarding the debtor, including name, address, chapter under which the case is filed, and estimated amount of assets and liabilities.
啟動破產程序的文件，列出有關債務人的基本信息，包括姓名、地址、所依據的章節以及預估的資產和負債金額。

Petition preparer 請願書準備者

A business not authorized to practice law that prepares bankruptcy petitions.
一個未獲授權從事法律業務的公司，負責準備破產請求。

Petty offense 輕微罪行

A federal misdemeanor punishable by six months or less in prison.
聯邦輕罪，最高可處六個月或更短的監禁。

Plaintiff 原告

A person or business that files a formal complaint with the court.
向法院提出正式申訴的人或企業。

Plan 計劃

A debtor's detailed description of how the debtor proposes to pay creditors' claims over a fixed period of time.
債務人對於如何在固定時間內償還債權人索賠的詳細描述。

Plea 請求

In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not guilty" in answer to the charges. See also nolo contendere.
在刑事案件中，被告對指控的陳述，表示「有罪」或「無罪」。另見不抗辯。

Pleadings 訴狀

Written statements filed with the court that describe a party's legal or factual assertions about the case.
向法院提交的書面陳述，描述當事方對案件的法律或事實主張。

Postpetition transfer 後申請轉讓

A transfer of the debtor's property made after the commencement of the case.
在案件開始後進行的債務人財產轉讓。

Prebankruptcy planning 破產前規劃

The arrangement (or rearrangement) of a debtor's property to allow the debtor to take maximum advantage of exemptions. (Prebankruptcy planning typically includes converting nonexempt assets into exempt assets.)
債務人財產的安排（或重新安排），以使債務人能夠最大限度地利用豁免權。（破產前的規劃通常包括將非豁免資產轉換為豁免資產。）

Precedent 先例

A court decision in an earlier case with facts and legal issues similar to a dispute currently before a court. Judges will generally "follow precedent" - meaning that they use the principles established in earlier cases to decide new cases that have similar facts and raise similar legal issues. A judge will disregard precedent if a party can show that the earlier case was wrongly decided, or that it differed in some significant way from the current case.
在早期案件中，法院的裁決涉及與目前法院面前的爭議相似的事實和法律問題。法官通常會「遵循先例」——這意味著他們會利用早期案件中建立的原則來裁決具有相似事實和提出相似法律問題的新案件。如果一方能夠證明早期案件的裁決是錯誤的，或者與目前案件在某些重要方面有所不同，法官將會忽視先例。

Preferential debt payment 優先債務償還

A debt payment made to a creditor in the 90-day period before a debtor files bankruptcy (or within one year if the creditor was an insider) that gives the creditor more than the creditor would receive in the debtor's chapter 7 case.
在債務人申請破產前的 90 天內（或如果債權人是內部人則為一年內）向債權人支付的債務，該支付使債權人獲得的金額超過債務人在第 7 章案件中將會收到的金額。

Presentence report 呈報報告

A report prepared by a court's probation officer, after a person has been convicted of an offense, summarizing for the court the background information needed to determine the appropriate sentence.
一份由法院的緩刑官準備的報告，在一個人被定罪後，為法院總結所需的背景信息，以確定適當的判刑。

Pretrial conference 預審會議

A meeting of the judge and lawyers to plan the trial, to discuss which matters should be presented to the jury, to review proposed evidence and witnesses, and to set a trial schedule. Typically, the judge and the parties also discuss the possibility of settlement of the case.
法官與律師的會議，旨在計劃審判，討論哪些事項應提交陪審團，審查擬議的證據和證人，並設定審判時間表。通常，法官和各方還會討論和解案件的可能性。

Pretrial services 審前服務

A function of the federal courts that takes place at the very start of the criminal justice process – after a person has been arrested and charged with a federal crime and before he or she goes to trial. Pretrial services officers focus on investigating the backgrounds of these persons to help the court determine whether to release or detain them while they await trial. The decision is based on whether these individuals are likely to flee or pose a threat to the community. If the court orders release, a pretrial services officer supervises the person in the community until he or she returns to court.
聯邦法院的一項功能，發生在刑事司法過程的最開始階段——在一個人被逮捕並被控以聯邦罪名之後，以及在他或她接受審判之前。預審服務官專注於調查這些人的背景，以幫助法院決定在他們等待審判期間是否釋放或拘留他們。這一決定基於這些人是否可能逃跑或對社區構成威脅。如果法院下令釋放，預審服務官將在社區內監督該人，直到他或她返回法院。

Priority 優先權

The Bankruptcy Code's statutory ranking of unsecured claims that determines the order in which unsecured claims will be paid if there is not enough money to pay all unsecured claims in full.
破產法典對無擔保債權的法定排名，決定在資金不足以全額支付所有無擔保債權的情況下，無擔保債權的支付順序。

Priority claim 優先權聲明

An unsecured claim that is entitled to be paid ahead of other unsecured claims that are not entitled to priority status. Priority refers to the order in which these unsecured claims are to be paid.
一種無擔保的索賠，享有優先於其他無擔保索賠的支付權利，而這些其他索賠並不享有優先地位。優先權指的是這些無擔保索賠的支付順序。

Pro per 自我辯護

A slang expression sometimes used to refer to a pro se litigant. It is a corruption of the Latin phrase "in propria persona."
一個有時用來指代自我辯護的訴訟當事人的俚語表達。它是拉丁語短語「in propria persona」的變體。

Pro se 自我辯護

Representing oneself. Serving as one's own lawyer.
代表自己。擔任自己的律師。

Pro tem 暫時

Temporary. 臨時。

Probation 試用期

Sentencing option in the federal courts. With probation, instead of sending an individual to prison, the court releases the person to the community and orders him or her to complete a period of supervision monitored by a U.S. probation officer and to abide by certain conditions.
聯邦法院的判刑選擇。透過緩刑，法院不將個人送入監獄，而是將其釋放到社區，並命令他或她完成由美國緩刑官監督的監管期，並遵守某些條件。

Probation officer 緩刑官

Officers of the probation office of a court. Probation officer duties include conducting presentence investigations, preparing presentence reports on convicted defendants, and supervising released defendants.
法院的緩刑辦公室官員。緩刑官的職責包括進行量刑前調查、為被定罪的被告準備量刑前報告，以及監督釋放的被告。

Procedure 程序

The rules for conducting a lawsuit; there are rules of civil procedure, criminal procedure, evidence, bankruptcy, and appellate procedure.
訴訟進行的規則；包括民事訴訟程序、刑事訴訟程序、證據、破產和上訴程序的規則。

Proof of claim 索賠證明

A written statement describing the reason a debtor owes a creditor money, which typically sets forth the amount of money owed. (There is an official form for this purpose.)
一份書面聲明，描述債務人為何欠債權人金錢的原因，通常列明所欠金額。（為此目的有一個官方表格。）

Property of the estate 遺產的財產

All legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case.
債務人在案件開始時對財產的所有法律或衡平權益。

Prosecute 起訴

To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government
指控某人犯罪。檢察官代表政府起訴刑事案件。

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R

Reaffirmation agreement 再確認協議: An agreement by a debtor to continue paying a dischargeable debt after the bankruptcy, usually for the purpose of keeping collateral or mortgaged property that would otherwise be subject to repossession.
債務人同意在破產後繼續償還可解除的債務，通常是為了保留抵押品或抵押財產，否則這些財產將面臨被收回的風險。
Record 記錄: A written account of the proceedings in a case, including all pleadings, evidence, and exhibits submitted in the course of the case.
案件程序的書面記錄，包括在案件過程中提交的所有辯論、證據和證物。
Redemption 救贖: A procedure in a Chapter 7 case whereby a debtor removes a secured creditor's lien on collateral by paying the creditor the value of the property. The debtor may then retain the property.
在第七章案件中，債務人通過支付擔保債權人財產價值的方式，解除擔保債權人對抵押品的留置權。債務人隨後可以保留該財產。
Remand 羈押: Send back. 寄回。
Reverse 反向: The act of a court setting aside the decision of a lower court. A reversal is often accompanied by a remand to the lower court for further proceedings.
法院撤銷下級法院裁決的行為。撤銷通常伴隨著將案件發回下級法院進行進一步程序。

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S

Sanction 制裁: A penalty or other type of enforcement used to bring about compliance with the law or with rules and regulations.
一種懲罰或其他類型的執法，用於促使遵守法律或規則和規定。
Schedules 時間表: Lists submitted by the debtor along with the petition (or shortly thereafter) showing the debtor's assets, liabilities, and other financial information. (There are official forms a debtor must use.)
債務人提交的清單，連同請願書（或在不久之後）顯示債務人的資產、負債和其他財務信息。（債務人必須使用官方表格。）
Secured creditor 擔保債權人: A secured creditor is an individual or business that holds a claim against the debtor that is secured by a lien on property of the estate. The property subject to the lien is the secured creditor's collateral.
擔保債權人是指持有對債務人的索賠，並且該索賠由遺產財產上的留置權擔保的個人或企業。受留置權約束的財產是擔保債權人的擔保品。
Secured debt 擔保債務: Debt backed by a mortgage, pledge of collateral, or other lien; debt for which the creditor has the right to pursue specific pledged property upon default. Examples include home mortgages, auto loans and tax liens.
以抵押貸款、擔保品質押或其他留置權作為擔保的債務；債權人在違約時有權追索特定質押財產的債務。例子包括住房抵押貸款、汽車貸款和稅務留置權。
Senior judge 高級法官: A federal judge who, after attaining the requisite age and length of judicial experience, takes senior status, thus creating a vacancy among a court's active judges. A senior judge retains the judicial office and may cut back his or her workload by as much as 75 percent, but many opt to keep a larger caseload.
一位聯邦法官在達到所需的年齡和司法經驗後，轉為高級法官，從而在法院的現任法官中創造了一個空缺。高級法官保留司法職位，並可以將工作量減少多達 75％，但許多人選擇保持較大的案件負擔。
Sentence 句子: The punishment ordered by a court for a defendant convicted of a crime.
法院對被定罪的被告所下的懲罰。
Sentencing guidelines 量刑指導方針: A set of rules and principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission that trial judges use to determine the sentence for a convicted defendant.
由美國量刑委員會制定的一套規則和原則，供審判法官用來確定被定罪被告的刑罰。
Sequester 隔離: To separate. Sometimes juries are sequestered from outside influences during their deliberations.
隔離。有時陪審團在審議期間會被隔離以避免外部影響。
Service of process 送達程序: The delivery of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
向適當方送達傳票或傳喚書。
Settlement 和解: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their dispute without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in at least partial satisfaction of the other party's claims, but usually do not include the admission of fault.
訴訟各方在不進行審判的情況下解決爭議。和解通常涉及一方支付賠償金，以至少部分滿足另一方的索賠，但通常不包括承認過錯。
Small business case 小型企業案例: A special type of chapter 11 case in which there is no creditors' committee (or the creditors' committee is deemed inactive by the court) and in which the debtor is subject to more oversight by the U.S. trustee than other chapter 11 debtors. The Bankruptcy Code contains certain provisions designed to reduce the time a small business debtor is in bankruptcy.
一種特殊的第 11 章案件，其中沒有債權人委員會（或債權人委員會被法院視為不活躍），並且債務人受到美國受託人比其他第 11 章債務人更多的監督。破產法典包含某些條款，旨在縮短小型企業債務人在破產中的時間。
Standard of proof 證明標準: Degree of proof required. In criminal cases, prosecutors must prove a defendant's guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt." The majority of civil lawsuits require proof "by a preponderance of the evidence" (50 percent plus), but in some the standard is higher and requires "clear and convincing" proof.
證明標準。在刑事案件中，檢察官必須證明被告的罪行「超越合理懷疑」。大多數民事訴訟要求「證據的優勢」(超過 50%)，但在某些案件中，標準更高，要求「明確且令人信服」的證明。
Statement of financial affairs 財務狀況聲明: A series of questions the debtor must answer in writing concerning sources of income, transfers of property, lawsuits by creditors, etc. (There is an official form a debtor must use.)
債務人必須以書面回答的一系列問題，涉及收入來源、財產轉移、債權人提起的訴訟等。（債務人必須使用官方表格。）
Statement of intention 意向聲明: A declaration made by a chapter 7 debtor concerning plans for dealing with consumer debts that are secured by property of the estate.
一份由第七章債務人所作的聲明，關於處理由遺產財產擔保的消費者債務的計劃。
Statute 法令: A law passed by a legislature.
一項由立法機構通過的法律。
Statute of limitations 時效法則: The time within which a lawsuit must be filed or a criminal prosecution begun. The deadline can vary, depending on the type of civil case or the crime charged.
提起訴訟或開始刑事起訴的時間限制。截止日期可能會根據民事案件的類型或所指控的罪行而有所不同。
Sua sponte 自發性: Latin, meaning "of its own will." Often refers to a court taking an action in a case without being asked to do so by either side.
拉丁文，意指「出於自願」。通常指法院在案件中採取行動，而未經任何一方要求。
Subordination 從屬關係: The act or process by which a person's rights or claims are ranked below those of others.
一個人的權利或主張被排在其他人之下的行為或過程。
Subpoena 傳票: A command, issued under a court's authority, to a witness to appear and give testimony.
根據法院的權威，對證人發出的命令，要求其出庭作證。
Subpoena duces tecum 傳票要求提供文件: A command to a witness to appear and produce documents.
傳喚證人出庭並提交文件的命令。

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T

Temporary restraining order 臨時禁制令: Akin to a preliminary injunction, it is a judge's short-term order forbidding certain actions until a full hearing can be conducted. Often referred to as a TRO.
類似於臨時禁令，這是法官的短期命令，禁止某些行為，直到可以進行全面聽證。通常稱為臨時禁令（TRO）。
Testimony 證詞: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
證人於審判或大陪審團前口頭提供的證據。
Toll 通行費: See statute of limitations.
查看時效法規。
Tort 侵權行為: A civil, not criminal, wrong. A negligent or intentional injury against a person or property, with the exception of breach of contract.
民事而非刑事的錯誤。對個人或財產的疏忽或故意傷害，合同違約除外。
Transcript 成績單: A written, word-for-word record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial, or during some other formal conversation, such as a hearing or oral deposition
逐字記錄所說的內容，無論是在如審判的程序中，或是在其他正式對話中，如聽證會或口頭證詞
Transfer 轉移: Any mode or means by which a debtor disposes of or parts with his/her property.
任何債務人處置或轉讓其財產的方式或手段。
Trustee 受託人: The representative of the bankruptcy estate who exercises statutory powers, principally for the benefit of the unsecured creditors, under the general supervision of the court and the direct supervision of the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator. The trustee is a private individual or corporation appointed in all chapter 7, chapter 12, and chapter 13 cases and some chapter 11 cases. The trustee's responsibilities include reviewing the debtor's petition and schedules and bringing actions against creditors or the debtor to recover property of the bankruptcy estate. In chapter 7, the trustee liquidates property of the estate, and makes distributions to creditors. Trustees in chapter 12 and 13 have similar duties to a chapter 7 trustee and the additional responsibilities of overseeing the debtor's plan, receiving payments from debtors, and disbursing plan payments to creditors.
破產財產的代表，根據法律權限行使職責，主要為無擔保債權人的利益，在法院的總體監督和美國受託人或破產管理人的直接監督下進行。受託人是私人個人或公司，負責所有第 7 章、第 12 章和第 13 章案件以及某些第 11 章案件。受託人的職責包括審查債務人的請願書和時間表，並對債權人或債務人提起訴訟，以追回破產財產的財產。在第 7 章中，受託人負責清算財產並向債權人分配款項。第 12 章和第 13 章的受託人擁有與第 7 章受託人類似的職責，並額外負責監督債務人的計劃，接收債務人的付款，並將計劃付款分配給債權人。
Typing service 打字服務: A business not authorized to practice law that prepares bankruptcy petitions.
一個未獲授權從事法律業務的公司，負責準備破產請求。

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U

U.S. attorney 美國律師: A lawyer appointed by the President in each judicial district to prosecute and defend cases for the federal government. The U.S. Attorney employs a staff of Assistant U.S. Attorneys who appear as the government's attorneys in individual cases.
由總統在每個司法區任命的律師，負責為聯邦政府起訴和辯護案件。美國檢察官聘用一批助理美國檢察官，作為政府在個別案件中的律師。
U.S. trustee 美國受託人: An officer of the U.S. Department of Justice responsible for supervising the administration of bankruptcy cases, estates, and trustees; monitoring plans and disclosure statements; monitoring creditors' committees; monitoring fee applications; and performing other statutory duties.
美國司法部的一名官員，負責監督破產案件、遺產和受託人的管理；監控計劃和披露聲明；監控債權人委員會；監控費用申請；以及執行其他法定職責。
Undersecured claim 不足擔保的索賠: A debt secured by property that is worth less than the amount of the debt.
一項以價值低於債務金額的財產作為擔保的債務。
Undue hardship 不當困難: The most widely used test for evaluating undue hardship in the dischargeability of a student loan includes three conditions: (1) the debtor cannot maintain – based on current income and expenses – a minimal standard of living if forced to repay the loans; (2) there are indications that the state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period; and (3) the debtor made good faith efforts to repay the loans.
評估學生貸款可免責性中不當困難的最常用測試包括三個條件：(1) 借款人如果被迫償還貸款，根據當前的收入和支出無法維持最低生活標準；(2) 有跡象表明這種情況在償還期間的相當一部分時間內可能會持續；以及 (3) 借款人已經真誠地努力償還貸款。
Unlawful detainer action 非法佔有訴訟: A lawsuit brought by a landlord against a tenant to evict the tenant from rental property – usually for nonpayment of rent.
房東對租客提起的訴訟，以驅逐租客離開租賃物業——通常是因為未支付租金。
Unliquidated claim 未清償的索賠: A claim for which a specific value has not been determined.
尚未確定具體價值的索賠。
Unscheduled debt 未排定的債務: A debt that should have been listed by the debtor in the schedules filed with the court but was not. (Depending on the circumstances, an unscheduled debt may or may not be discharged.)
應由債務人在提交給法院的清單中列出的債務，但未列出。（根據情況，未列出的債務可能會被解除，也可能不會。）
Unsecured claim 無擔保債權: A claim or debt for which a creditor holds no special assurance of payment, such as a mortgage or lien; a debt for which credit was extended based solely upon the creditor's assessment of the debtor's future ability to pay.
一項債權或債務，債權人並未持有任何特別的支付保證，例如抵押貸款或留置權；一項債務，其信用的延伸完全基於債權人對債務人未來償還能力的評估。
Uphold: The appellate court agrees with the lower court decision and allows it to stand. See affirmed.
上訴法院同意下級法院的裁決並允許其維持。見確認。

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V

Venue 場地: The geographic area in which a court has jurisdiction. A change of venue is a change or transfer of a case from one judicial district to another.
Verdict 裁決: The decision of a trial jury or a judge that determines the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant, or that determines the final outcome of a civil case.
陪審團或法官的裁決，決定了刑事被告的有罪或無罪，或決定了民事案件的最終結果。
Voir dire: Jury selection process of questioning prospective jurors, to ascertain their qualifications and determine any basis for challenge.
陪審團選拔過程中對潛在陪審員的詢問，以確定他們的資格並判斷是否有挑戰的理由。
Voluntary transfer 自願轉讓: A transfer of a debtor's property with the debtor's consent.
債務人同意下的財產轉讓。

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W

Wage garnishment 工資扣押: A nonbankruptcy legal proceeding whereby a plaintiff or creditor seeks to subject to his or her claim the future wages of a debtor. In other words, the creditor seeks to have part of the debtor's future wages paid to the creditor for a debt owed to the creditor.
一種非破產的法律程序，原告或債權人尋求將債務人的未來工資納入其索賠之中。換句話說，債權人希望將債務人未來工資的一部分支付給債權人，以償還所欠的債務。
Warrant 逮捕令: Court authorization, most often for law enforcement officers, to conduct a search or make an arrest.
法院授權，通常是針對執法官員，進行搜查或逮捕。
Witness 見證人: A person called upon by either side in a lawsuit to give testimony before the court or jury.
在訴訟中被任何一方召喚到法庭或陪審團前作證的人。
Writ 文書: A written court order directing a person to take, or refrain from taking, a certain act.
書面法庭命令，指示某人採取或避免採取某一行為。
Writ of certiorari 調查令: An order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case which it will hear on appeal.
美國最高法院發出的命令，指示下級法院傳送將要上訴審理的案件記錄。

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