項目 Item | 監護宣告guardianship Guardianship Declaration | 輔助宣告guardianship assistance Guardianship Assistance |
意義 Meaning | 對因精神障礙或其他心智缺陷,致不能為意思表示、受意思表示,或不能辨識其意思表示效果者,法院得依聲請為監護宣告。受監護宣告人為「無行為能力人」,其法律行為需由監護人代理。 For those who, due to mental disorders or other intellectual disabilities, are unable to express their intentions, receive expressions of intention, or recognize the effects of their expressions of intention, the court may declare guardianship upon application. A person under guardianship is considered "incapable of acting," and their legal acts must be represented by a guardian. | 對因精神障礙或其他心智缺陷,致其為意思表示、受意思表示,或辨識其意思表示效果之能力顯有不足者,法院得依聲請為輔助宣告。受輔助宣告人為「限制行為能力人」,在特定法律行為上需輔助人同意。 For those who, due to mental disorders or other intellectual disabilities, have a clearly insufficient ability to express intentions, receive expressions of intention, or recognize the effects of their expressions of intention, the court may declare assistance upon application. A person under assistance is considered "partially capable of acting" and requires the consent of an assistant for specific legal acts. |
法律行為能力 Legal Capacity | 完全無行為能力,所有法律行為均無效,必須由監護人作為法定代理人處理。 Completely lacking capacity to act; all legal acts are invalid and must be handled by a guardian as a statutory agent. | 屬限制行為能力人,日常生活所需及純獲法律上利益的行為可自行為之,特定重要法律行為(如借貸、不動產處分、訴訟等)需輔助人同意。 A person with limited capacity to act; acts necessary for daily life and those purely for legal benefits can be performed independently, but specific important legal acts (such as borrowing, real estate transactions, litigation, etc.) require the consent of an assistant. |
需經同意的法律行為 Legal acts requiring consent | 全部法律行為(無行為能力,皆需監護人代理) All legal acts (those without capacity to act require a guardian's representation) | 需輔助人同意的行為包括: Acts requiring the consent of an assistant include: -擔任公司或法人負責人 -Serving as a company or corporate officer -消費借貸、保證、贈與、信託 -Consumer loans, guarantees, gifts, trusts -訴訟、和解、調解、仲裁 -Litigation, settlement, mediation, arbitration -重要財產(如不動產、汽車)買賣、抵押、租賃 -Sale, mortgage, lease of important property (such as real estate, automobiles) -遺產分割、拋棄繼承、特定指定行為 -Inheritance division, renunciation of inheritance, specific designated acts |
日常生活行為 Daily life activities | 不得自為任何法律行為,需監護人代理。 May not perform any legal acts by oneself and requires a guardian to act on one's behalf. | 可自行為,無需輔助人同意。 May act independently without the consent of an assistant. |
法律依據 Legal Basis | 民法第14條、第15條 Articles 14 and 15 of the Civil Code | 民法第15條之1、第15條之2 Article 15-1 and Article 15-2 of the Civil Code |
適用個案 Applicable Cases | 如嚴重失智、長期昏迷、重度智能障礙。 Such as severe dementia, long-term coma, severe intellectual disability. | 如輕度智能障礙、部分失智。 Such as mild intellectual disability, partial dementia. |