Do you often encounter first personal pronoun in academic writing？And why or why not？
您是否经常在学术写作中遇到第一个人称代词？为什么或为什么不？

What is a research？  什么是研究？
A research is a systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts．It is divided into two general categories： （1）basic research is inquiry aimed at increasing scientific knowledge，and（2）applied research is effort aimed at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes，products，or techniques．You may use to describe the whole process of researching，which stands for Purpose（questions），Process（a systemic approach）and Product（answers）in the following figure．您可以使用以下图示来描述整个研究过程，该图示代表了目的（问题）、过程（系统方法）和成果（答案）。
研究是通过发现新事实 来增加或修改当前知识的系统性调查过程，分为两大类：（1）基础研究是旨在增加科学知识的探究，以及（2）应用研究是旨在利用基础研究来解决问题或开发新过程、产品或技术的努力。 您可以使用以下图示来描述整个研究过程，该图示代表了目的（问题）、过程（系统方法）和成果（答案）。

You can initiate a research in the following steps．
您可以通过以下步骤启动研究。
Step1：Selecting a Topic  步骤 1：选择 Topic

Select a topic that interests you．
选择您感兴趣的主题。
Selecting a topic is possibly the most difficult part of doing research．Is it too big？ Is it too narrow？Will you be able to find enough on it？Start by choosing a topic that you like or are curious about．You are going to be working on it for quite a while，so try and find one that is interesting and that you can reasonably cover in the time and space available．
选择一个主题可能是做研究时最困难的部分。他是不是太大了？是不是太窄了？你能找到足够多的话题吗？首先选择一个你喜欢或好奇的主题。你将要研究它很长一段时间，所以试着找到一个有趣的主题，并且你可以在可用的时间和空间内合理地涵盖它。

Focus on a broad research topic．
专注于广泛的研究主题。
If you have a topic in mind，you still have to fine－tune your selection and narrow the focus．For example，by selecting the subject
如果您心中有一个主题，您仍然需要微调您的选择并缩小焦点。例如，通过选择主题
research questions can be significant，original and answerable．
研究问题可以是重要的、原创的和可回答的。

Write your topic as a thesis statement，which may be the answer to your research question and／or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research．Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that state precisely what is to be answered，proven，or what you will promise to your audience about the scope， purpose，and direction of your paper．It is generally located near the end of the introduction；sometimes，in a long paper，the thesis will be expressed in several sentences or in an entire paragraph．And remember，the development of a thesis assumes that there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement．
将你的题目写成论文陈述，这可能是你的研究问题的答案和/或清楚地陈述你研究目的的一种方式。你的论文陈述通常是一两句话，准确地说明要回答、证明什么，或者你将向听众承诺的关于你的 paper.It 的范围、目的和方向的内容，通常位于引言的末尾附近;有时，在一篇长论文中，论文将是请记住，论文的发展假设有足够的证据来支持论文陈述。

A thesis statement is supposed to be specific．Here is an example of a too broad statement：
论文陈述应该是具体的。下面是一个过于宽泛的陈述示例：

The Catholic Church＇s influence on the formation of labor unions in the nineteenth century was extremely significant．
天主教会对 19 世纪工会的形成产生了极其重大的影响。

Revision：  校订：
The Catholic Church，by means of the pulpit and the purse，greatly influenced the labor movement in the United States during the final decades of the nineteenth century．
天主教会通过讲坛和钱包，极大地影响了 19 世纪最后几十年美国的工人运动。

A good title is defined as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper．All words in the title should be chosen with great care，and their association with one another must be carefully managed．
一个好的标题被定义为能够充分描述论文内容的尽可能少的词语。标题中的所有词语都应非常谨慎地选择，并且必须仔细管理它们之间的相互关联。

The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement，but the title should clearly convey the focus，purpose and meaning of your research．
论文的标题可能与你的研究题或论文陈述不完全相同，但标题应该清楚地传达你研究的重点、目的和意义。

In terms of the structure of a title，it is mainly a noun phrase，gerund phrase，or a prepositional phrase．Sometimes，it can be a complete sentence．But for beginners， sentences are not recommended．The followings are some acceptable titles．
就标题的结构而言，主要是名词短语、动名词短语，或者介词短语，有时也可以是一个完整的句子，但对于初学者来说，不推荐用句子，以下是一些可以接受的标题。

Juvenile delinquency as the result of television
电视导致的青少年犯罪
Death penalty－is it beneficial or unfavorable？
死刑——是有益的还是不利的？
The TV impact on the modern society
电视对现代社会的影响

Using an outline can help you organize your material and can also help you discover connections between pieces of information．
使用大纲可以帮助您组织材料，还可以帮助您发现信息之间的联系。

A Working Outline might be only an informal list of topics and subtopics which you are thinking of covering in your paper．Sometimes，however，an instructor might require that a working outline be submitted at the beginning of your work；then your instructor might suggest ways in which the work needs to be further developed or cut back．The working outline can be revised as you discover new material and get new ideas that ought to go into your paper．
工作大纲可能只是您考虑在论文中涵盖的主题和子主题的非正式列表。但是，有时教师可能会要求在您的工作开始时提交工作大纲;然后您的教师可能会建议需要进一步发展或缩减工作的方法。当您发现新材料和获得应该纳入的新想法时，可以修改工作大纲你的论文。

A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper． The outline organization should suit well to your purposes．Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development，cause－and－effect relationship， comparison and contrast between one phenomenon and another，the process by which something is accomplished，or the logic of some position？
最终大纲增强了研究论文的组织和连贯性。大纲的组织结构应该非常适合你的目的。你是试图展示一些历史发展的时间顺序、因果关系、一种现象与另一种现象的比较和对比、某件事完成的过程，还是某种立场的逻辑？

A final outline can be written as a topic outline，in which you use only short phrases to suggest ideas，or as a sentence outline，in which you use full sentences （even very brief paragraphs）to show the development of ideas more fully．The following is a template outline of research，which may not reflect all of the research you will be including in your final paper，but it should show that you have done enough research that you know the main topics and subtopics that you will be using．
最终大纲可以写成主题大纲，其中你只使用简短的短语来提出想法，也可以写成一个句子大纲，其中你使用完整的句子（即使是非常简短的段落）来更全面地展示想法的发展。以下是研究大纲的模板，它可能无法反映你将包含在最终论文中的所有研究，但它应该表明你已经做了足够的研究，你知道您将使用的主要主题和子主题。
Title  标题

Introduction  介绍
o Describe the problem
o 描述问题
o Why is this analysis appropriate？
o 为什么这种分析是合适的？
o Importance of the problem
o 问题的重要性