The FAA’s Troubles Are More Serious Than You Know
FAA 的麻烦比你想的要严重
The agency responsible for air safety is facing deep cuts and interference by Elon Musk.
On January 29, American Airlines Flight 5342 collided with a U.S. Army helicopter near Washington’s Ronald Reagan National Airport, killing 67 people, in the deadliest U.S. air disaster in recent history. That alone would have been a crisis for the Federal Aviation Administration, the agency charged with ensuring the safety of air passengers.
2023 年 1 月 29 日，美国航空公司 5342 号航班在华盛顿的罗纳德·里根国家机场附近与一架美国军用直升机相撞，导致 67 人遇难，这是近期美国历史上最致命的空中灾难。单靠这一事件就足以成为负责确保航空乘客安全的联邦航空管理局的一场危机。
But the next day, President Donald Trump deepened the FAA’s problems by blaming the disaster on diversity programs, a pronouncement that baffled many in the agency’s workforce. At least one senior executive decided to quit in disgust, I was told.
但第二天，唐纳德·特朗普总统通过将灾难归咎于多元化项目进一步加深了联邦航空管理局（FAA）的问题，这一言论让该机构的许多员工感到困惑。据我所知，至少有一位高级执行官因为不满决定辞职。
Rescue teams were still pulling bodies from the Potomac River.
救援团队仍在从波托马克河中打捞尸体。
That same day, FAA employees including air-traffic controllers, safety inspectors, and mechanical engineers received an email advising them to leave their job under a buyout program announced just two days before. “The way to greater American prosperity is encouraging people to move from lower productivity jobs in the public sector to higher productivity jobs in the private sector,” urged the email, sent to all federal workers.
同一天，包括空中交通管制员、安全检查员和机械工程师在内的 FAA 员工收到了一个电子邮件，建议他们根据两天前宣布的买断方案离职。邮件中敦促道：“通往更大美国繁荣的道路是鼓励人们从公共部门的低生产力工作转向私营部门的高生产力工作。”
Many FAA employees were prepared to follow that advice, agreeing to leave their government jobs and get paid through September, according to internal government records I obtained as well as interviews with current and former U.S. officials who spoke with me on the condition of anonymity for fear of reprisal. More than 1,300 FAA employees replied to the email, out of a workforce of about 45,000. Most of those who responded selected “Yes, I confirm that I am resigning/retiring.”
根据我获得的内部政府记录以及与现任和前任美国官员的匿名采访，许多 FAA 员工准备遵循该建议，同意离开他们的政府职位，并在九月前获取薪水。在约 45,000 名员工中，有超过 1,300 名 FAA 员工回复了电子邮件。大多数回复者选择了“是的，我确认我正在辞职/退休。”
Initially, that included about 100 air-traffic controllers who replied to the email, threatening a crucial and already-understaffed component of the workforce. Interest in the offer among air-traffic controllers was alarming, agency officials told me, because an internal FAA safety report had found that staffing at the air-traffic-control tower at Reagan airport was “not normal” at the time of January’s deadly crash. It took the agency, which is housed within the Department of Transportation, about a week to clarify that certain job categories were exempt from early retirement, including air-traffic controllers, according to a February 5 email I reviewed. That guidance arrived in agency inboxes only after Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy had announced it on cable television, saying on February 2, “We’re going to keep all our safety positions in place.”
最初，这包括大约 100 名回复电子邮件的空中交通管制员，他们威胁到一个至关重要且已经人手不足的劳动力组成部分。联邦航空局官员告诉我，空中交通管制员对这一提议的兴趣令人担忧，因为一份内部 FAA 安全报告发现，在 1 月份的致命坠毁事件发生时，里根机场的空中交通管制塔的人员配置“并不正常”。根据我查阅的 2 月 5 日的电子邮件，该机构在交通部内，大约花了一周时间澄清某些职位类别，包括空中交通管制员，免于提前退休。这项指导在交通部长肖恩·达菲在有线电视上宣布后才出现在机构的收件箱中，他在 2 月 2 日表示：“我们将保持所有安全职位不变。”
But agency officials told me that many jobs with critical safety functions are indeed being sacrificed, with any possible replacements uncertain because of the government-wide hiring freeze. And records I reviewed show that employees classified as eligible for early retirement—and therefore allowed to walk off the job—include aviation-safety technicians and assistants, quality-assurance specialists, and engineers. Meanwhile, the buyouts reach far beyond air-traffic safety, affecting other core elements of the agency. Top officials in the finance, acquisitions, and compliance divisions have left or are expected to go.
但是机构官员告诉我，许多具有关键安全职能的职位确实被牺牲掉了，因为政府普遍的招聘冻结使得可能的替代人员变得不确定。我审查的记录显示，被分类为符合提前退休资格的员工——因此被允许离开岗位——包括航空安全技术人员和助手、质量控制专家以及工程师。同时，买断的范围远超空中交通安全，影响到该机构的其他核心部分。财务、采购和合规部门的高级官员已经离职或预计将离职。
As hundreds of career officials depart, the FAA has a fresh face in its midst: Ted Malaska, a SpaceX engineer who arrived at the agency last month with instructions from SpaceX’s owner, Elon Musk, to deploy equipment from the SpaceX subsidiary Starlink across the FAA’s communications network. The directive promises to make the nation’s air-traffic-control system dependent on the billionaire Trump ally, using equipment that experts say has not gone through strict U.S.-government security and risk-management review.
随着数百名职业官员离职，FAA 内部迎来了新面孔：Ted Malaska，一名上个月抵达该机构的 SpaceX 工程师，他接到了 SpaceX 老板 Elon Musk 的指示，部署来自 SpaceX 子公司 Starlink 的设备到 FAA 的通信网络中。该指令承诺使国家的空中交通管制系统依赖于这位亿万富翁特朗普盟友，使用的设备专家表示尚未经过严格的美国政府安全和风险管理审查。
Starlink is an internet service that works by installing terminals, or dishes, that communicate with the company’s overhead satellites. Already, terminals are being tested at two sites, in Alaska and New Jersey, the FAA has confirmed. Musk, meanwhile, took to X, the social-media platform he owns, to warn last month that the FAA’s existing communications system “is breaking down very rapidly” and “putting air traveler safety at serious risk.”
Starlink 是一项通过安装终端或卫星天线与公司轨道上的卫星通信的互联网服务。FAA 已确认，目前在阿拉斯加和新泽西的两个地点正在进行终端测试。与此同时，马斯克在他拥有的社交媒体平台 X 上警告称，FAA 现有的通信系统“正在迅速崩溃”，“将空中旅行者的安全置于严重风险之中。”
The FAA’s turn to Starlink as a solution for its aging communications network poses a challenge to a $2.4 billion contract awarded to Verizon in 2023 to upgrade the agency’s network. FAA lawyers have been working 80-hour weeks to figure out what to do—whether they need to cancel or amend parts of the contract or else find the funds to supplement Verizon’s work with Starlink equipment.
美国联邦航空局（FAA）转向星链（Starlink）作为其老化通信网络的解决方案，给 2023 年授予威瑞森（Verizon）的 24 亿美元合同带来了挑战，该合同旨在升级该机构的网络。FAA 的律师们正在加班工作，每周 80 小时，努力找出解决方案——是否需要取消或修改合同的部分条款，或者找到资金以补充威瑞森的星链设备工作。
The cumulative result is a depleted and demoralized FAA workforce at a time of declining public confidence in aviation safety. A poll from the Associated Press and the NORC Center for Public Affairs Research released last month shows that 64 percent of American adults say air travel is “very safe” or “somewhat safe,” down from 71 percent last year. In addition to the collision near Reagan airport, several other recent incidents have rattled the public, including the crash of a medical jet in Philadelphia, killing seven, and the midair collision of two small planes at a regional airport in southern Arizona, killing two.
累积的结果是，在公众对航空安全信心下降的时期，FAA 员工队伍变得疲惫不堪且士气低落。美联社与 NORC 公共事务研究中心上月发布的一项民调显示，64%的美国成年人认为航空旅行“非常安全”或“有些安全”，低于去年的 71%。除了雷根机场附近的碰撞，还有几起近期事件让公众感到不安，包括在费城发生的医疗喷气机坠毁事件，导致七人遇难，以及在亚利桑那州南部的一座地区机场发生的两架小型飞机空中相撞事件，造成两人遇难。
Inside the FAA, morale is at an all-time low, two agency officials told me. A former senior executive told me that recent events—beginning with the crash and the pressure to take early retirement—have sunk the agency into “complete chaos.” The consequences, the former executive said, could be far-reaching. The FAA oversees an industry that supports $1.8 trillion in economic activity and about 4 percent of American GDP. It keeps millions of people safe.
在 FAA 内部，士气达到了历史最低点，两位机构官员告诉我。一位前高级执行官告诉我，最近的事件——从坠毁事件开始以及被迫提前退休的压力——使该机构陷入了“完全混乱”。前执行官表示，后果可能深远。FAA 监管着一个支持 1.8 万亿美元经济活动和约 4%美国 GDP 的行业。它保障着数百万人的安全。
“This isn’t Twitter, where the worst that happens is people losing access to their accounts,” the former senior executive said. “People die when FAA workers are distracted and processes are broken.”
“这不是推特，最糟糕的情况只是人们失去对其账户的访问，”这位前高级管理人员说道。“当 FAA 工作人员分心且流程失效时，人会死。”
Disruptions to U.S. airspace can have many different triggers, including severe weather, military operations, and accident investigations. Last week, disruptions occurred at airports from Florida to Pennsylvania because of the explosion of SpaceX’s Starship—the rocket that Musk wants to use to take people to Mars—on its latest test flight, which rained down debris and snarled air traffic.
美国空域的干扰可能有多种触发因素，包括恶劣天气、军事行动和事故调查。上周，由于 SpaceX 的星舰在最新测试飞行中发生爆炸，导致从佛罗里达到宾夕法尼亚的机场出现了干扰，这起爆炸洒下碎片并导致航班秩序混乱。
When these disturbances occur, sometimes suddenly, it falls to aeronautical-information specialists to update charts, maps, and flight procedures that each day guide more than 45,000 flights and 2.9 million passengers across more than 29 million square miles of airspace.
当这些干扰发生时，有时是突发的，航空信息专家需要更新图表、地图和飞行程序，这些程序每天引导超过 45,000 班次航班和 290 万乘客穿越超过 2900 万平方英里的空域。
Trump’s drive to downsize the federal government, as directed by Musk’s DOGE initiative, is drastically reducing the number of aeronautical-information specialists and other workers in critical safety roles. Interviews and internal FAA records show that as many as 12 percent of the country’s aeronautical-information specialists have been fired or are exiting the agency as part of the government-wide buyout program.
特朗普在马斯克的 DOGE 倡议指引下，推动缩减联邦政府，正在大幅减少航空信息专家和其他关键安全岗位的工作人员。采访和联邦航空局的内部记录显示，国内多达 12%的航空信息专家已经被解雇或作为政府全面买断计划的一部分离开了该机构。
At least 28 of the specialists signed up for the buyout, including several supervisors, according to a list I obtained. That’s on top of 13 probationary employees working in these roles who were terminated last month, says David Spero, the president of the union representing them, the Professional Aviation Safety Specialists. The agency had only 351 of these technical experts on hand, Spero told me, so the reductions are significant.
根据我获得的一份名单，至少有 28 名专家报名参加了买断，其中包括几名主管。代表他们的工会——专业航空安全专家工会的主席大卫·斯佩罗表示，此外还有 13 名在这些角色中工作的试用员工上个月被解雇。斯佩罗告诉我，该机构仅有 351 名这样的技术专家，因此减少的数量是显著的。
“Their work product is used by aviators and air-traffic controllers to navigate safely through U.S. airspace,” Spero said. “Aeronautical-information specialists have helped make this country’s aviation safety the world’s gold standard, and firing them summarily or letting them walk out the door is unacceptable.”
“他们的工作成果被飞行员和空中交通管制员用于安全地穿越美国空域，”斯佩罗说。“航空信息专家帮助使这个国家的航空安全成为世界的黄金标准，匆忙解雇他们或让他们离开是不可接受的。”
The offer of early retirement and the dismissal of probationary employees are the two main ways the FAA is trimming its workforce. Both are blunt instruments that threaten to sacrifice key talent, current and former officials told me.
联邦航空局通过提前退休和解雇试用期员工这两种主要方式来削减员工人数。前任和现任官员告诉我，这两者都是粗暴的手段，可能会牺牲关键人才。
All told, at least 124 engineers, 51 IT specialists, and 26 program managers signed up for early retirement. The vice president for mission-support services, who started as an air-traffic controller in the 1990s, expressed interest in leaving. So did the agency’s acting vice president for air-traffic services.
总的来说，至少有 124 名工程师、51 名 IT 专家和 26 名项目经理选择了提前退休。负责任务支持服务的副总裁，1990 年代以空中交通管制员的身份开始工作，表示有意离职。该机构的代理空中交通服务副总裁也表达了离职的兴趣。
Some agency personnel opted into the buyout because they feared they would be fired if they didn’t, several officials told me. The FAA fired fewer than 400 probationary employees, Duffy, the transportation secretary, wrote on X last month. Probationary employees who were fired were told that “you have not demonstrated that your employment at DOT FAA would be in the public interest,” according to emails I reviewed.
一些机构人员选择参与买断，因为他们担心如果不参与会被解雇，几位官员告诉我。交通部长达菲上个月在 X 上写道，FAA 解雇了不到 400 名试用员工。根据我所查阅的电子邮件，遭到解雇的试用员工被告知“你没有证明你在 DOT FAA 的工作符合公共利益。”
Some have been rehired, agency officials told me, contributing to an atmosphere of chaos and uncertainty. Duffy, in a White House meeting last week, expressed frustration about sweeping changes to his workforce and blamed DOGE for threatening the jobs of the FAA’s air-traffic controllers, according to a New York Times report.
一些人已经被重新雇佣，机构官员告诉我，这导致了一个混乱和不确定的氛围。根据《纽约时报》的报道，达菲在上周的白宫会议上对其员工的大规模变动表示沮丧，并把责任归咎于 DOGE，声称它威胁到了 FAA 空中交通管制员的工作。
“What I’m seeing is an FAA workforce that is completely distracted and off its game,” a longtime FAA contractor told me. “Almost all interactions I have with federal staff begin with catching up on the amount of time they’re spending on personnel issues instead of their normal jobs.”
“我看到的是一个完全分心、状态不佳的 FAA 工作人员，”一位长期的 FAA 承包商对我说。“几乎所有与联邦员工的互动都始于他们花在人员问题上的时间，而不是他们正常的工作。”
The contractor added, “To say they’re not focused on the mission at the moment would be an understatement.”
承包商补充道：“说他们现在不专注于任务，那简直是轻描淡写。”
The uncertainty is compounded by a lack of communication from agency leadership, officials told me. The acting administrator, Chris Rocheleau, is a longtime agency official brought back after a three-year stint at a lobbying group. The acting deputy administrator, Liam McKenna, was previously general counsel to Republican Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, on the Senate Commerce Committee. He’s serving double duty as the agency’s chief counsel. The position of associate administrator for airports is vacant. So is that of assistant administrator for communications.
官员告诉我，这种不确定性因机构领导层缺乏沟通而加剧。代理管理员克里斯·罗谢罗是一位长期任职的机构官员，在一次三年的游说团体任期后被重新召回。代理副管理员利亚姆·麦肯纳此前是德克萨斯州共和党参议员泰德·克鲁兹的总法律顾问，曾在参议院商业委员会任职。他同时还担任机构的首席律师。机场副管理员职位空缺。通讯助理管理员的职位也是空缺。
In response to questions about workforce reductions, the FAA said in a statement, “The agency has retained employees who perform safety critical functions.”
针对有关裁员的问题，FAA 在一份声明中表示：“该机构保留了执行安全关键职能的员工。”
When Musk and his allies turned their attention to the FAA last month, they identified a problem: The communications infrastructure used by the agency to manage air-traffic control and aviation safety dates to 2002. It still relies on copper-based wiring and traditional radio. It’s showing its age.
当马斯克和他的支持者上个月将注意力转向 FAA 时，他们发现了一个问题：该机构用于管理空中交通控制和航空安全的通信基础设施可以追溯到 2002 年。它仍然依赖铜线和传统无线电。它显得有些过时。
So Malaska, the SpaceX employee leading an engineering unit inside the FAA, unveiled a solution that he said came directly from Musk: The FAA would set up thousands of Starlink satellite terminals to improve communication and connectivity within the national airspace system. And they would do it within 18 months.
所以，马拉斯卡，这位在 FAA 内部领导工程部门的 SpaceX 员工，透露了一个他称之为直接来自马斯克的解决方案：FAA 将设置数千个 Starlink 卫星终端，以改善国家空域系统内的通信和连接。而他们将在 18 个月内完成这一任务。
Agency officials were well aware of the problem identified by Malaska, and they had already found a solution. In 2023, they awarded Verizon a 15-year, $2.4 billion contract to modernize the network. But that award is now in jeopardy, as agency officials race to determine whether aspects of the work can be allocated to SpaceX instead—and how much extra money they would need to come up with to make that happen. Musk, in a series of posts on X last month, initially blamed Verizon for the FAA’s aging communications system, later clarifying that the “ancient system that is rapidly declining” was made not by Verizon but by a different technology company. “The new system that is not yet operational is from Verizon,” Musk wrote.
机构官员对 Malaska 指出的问题非常清楚，他们已经找到了解决方案。在 2023 年，他们向 Verizon 颁发了一份为期 15 年、价值 24 亿美元的合同，以现代化网络。但这一合同现在面临危险，因为机构官员正在急于确定工作中的某些方面是否可以转而分配给 SpaceX，以及他们需要提出多少额外资金来实现这一点。马斯克在上个月的一系列 X 帖子中，最初将 FAA 老化的通信系统归咎于 Verizon，后来澄清称“迅速衰退的古老系统”并不是由 Verizon 制造，而是由另一家技术公司制造。“尚未投入运营的新系统来自 Verizon，”马斯克写道。
The agency’s career contracts and acquisitions personnel are trying to sort out the details. The highly sensitive work is being conducted by a diminished legal staff; more than a dozen agency attorneys having signed up for early retirement. That includes supervisors and several attorney-advisers working specifically on contracts.
该机构的职业合同和采购人员正在努力梳理细节。这项高度敏感的工作由一个精简的法律团队负责；超过十名机构律师已经申请提前退休。其中包括主管和几名专门负责合同的法律顾问。
Malaska’s instructions are not easily ignored: He has an agency email address, according to internal FAA directories shared with me, and he claims to speak directly for Musk, at one point telling U.S. officials that they could be dismissed if they thwarted his objectives. Malaska did not respond to a request for comment. But he defended his work in a post on X last month: “I challenge anyone to question the honesty and my technical integrity on this matter. I am working without biases for the safety of people that fly.”
马拉斯卡的指示不容忽视：根据我获取的内部 FAA 目录，他拥有一个机构电子邮件地址，并声称直接代表马斯克，曾一度告知美国官员，如果妨碍他的目标，他们可能会被解雇。马拉斯卡没有回应置评请求。但他上个月在 X 上的一篇帖子中为自己的工作辩护：“我挑战任何人质疑我的诚实和在此事上的技术诚信。我在为飞行人员的安全而不偏不倚地工作。”
SpaceX did not respond to detailed questions, but in a post on X last week, the company disputed that it was seeking to take over the Verizon contract, maintaining instead that it was working with the FAA and the contractor behind the 2002 upgrade to provide Starlink equipment “free of charge” for an initial testing period. The company also said it was helping the agency “identify instances where Starlink could serve as a long-term infrastructure upgrade for aviation safety.”
SpaceX 没有回复详细问题，但在上周的 X 平台上发帖时，该公司否认了其寻求接管 Verizon 合同的说法，并坚持表示正在与 FAA 及 2002 年升级的承包商合作，为初始测试期提供“免费”的 Starlink 设备。该公司还表示正在帮助该机构“识别 Starlink 可以作为长期基础设施升级以提高航空安全的实例。”
In a statement, the FAA said that no decisions about the Verizon contract had been made but confirmed that the agency was testing Starlink equipment at its facility in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and at “non-safety critical sites” in Alaska. Verizon did not address questions about the status of its contract, but a spokesperson told me, “Our teams have been working with the FAA’s technology teams and our solution stands ready to be deployed. We continue to partner with the FAA on achieving its modernization objectives.”
在一份声明中，FAA 表示尚未对 Verizon 合同做出任何决定，但确认该机构正在新泽西州大西洋城的设施以及阿拉斯加的“非安全关键地点”测试 Starlink 设备。Verizon 没有回应关于其合同状态的问题，但一位发言人告诉我：“我们的团队一直在与 FAA 的技术团队合作，我们的解决方案已准备好部署。我们将继续与 FAA 合作，实现其现代化目标。”
When the FAA selected Verizon after a competitive bid process in 2023, several factors recommended the telecommunications giant, among them that the company’s cloud and IT services had been approved for federal agencies based on a rigorous security review known as FedRAMP. SpaceX’s services have not. That’s one of the reasons that plugging Starlink terminals into FAA infrastructure concerns several members of a confidential task force convened by the FAA last year, called Vector, to review cybersecurity protocols.
当 FAA 在 2023 年通过竞争性招标过程选择 Verizon 时，几个因素推荐了这家电信巨头，其中包括该公司的云和 IT 服务已通过了一项称为 FedRAMP 的严格安全审查，获得了联邦机构的批准。SpaceX 的服务则没有。这也是去年 FAA 召集的一个名为 Vector 的机密工作组中几个成员对将 Starlink 终端接入 FAA 基础设施表示担忧的原因之一，该小组的任务是审查网络安全协议。
“Starlink presents many risks,” one expert member of the task force, who declined to be named to avoid reprisal from Musk, told me.
“Starlink 带来了许多风险，”一位不愿透露姓名以避免受到马斯克报复的专家小组成员告诉我。
Part of the risk, the expert said, is that Musk could simply choose to switch the devices off, as he did during a Ukrainian drone attack on a Russian naval fleet in 2022. Musk later wrote on X that he took that action to prevent his company from being “complicit in a major act of war and conflict escalation.” The use of Starlink devices also presents a “risk of an insider threat,” the expert told me, because SpaceX has not gone through the kind of vetting to which Verizon and other government contractors have been subjected. This means the government has less information about SpaceX’s security protocols and threat prevention. “Could someone go in and steal U.S. secrets simply by getting a job at SpaceX?” the expert said. “The problem is, we don’t know.”
专家表示，部分风险在于，马斯克可能会简单地选择关闭这些设备，正如他在 2022 年乌克兰无人机攻击俄罗斯海军舰队时所做的那样。马斯克后来在 X 上写道，他采取这一措施是为了防止他的公司在“重大战争行为和冲突升级中变得共谋”。这位专家告诉我，使用 Starlink 设备还存在“内部威胁的风险”，因为 SpaceX 没有经历过像 Verizon 和其他政府承包商那样的审查。这意味着政府对 SpaceX 的安全协议和威胁预防了解较少。“是否有人只需在 SpaceX 找到一份工作就能盗取美国机密？”专家说。“问题是，我们不知道。”
The turn to Starlink is also noteworthy, current and former FAA and DOT officials told me, because Musk stands to benefit financially from its government contracts and because the company has other significant interests before the agency. The FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation decides whether to license SpaceX’s commercial rocket launches—and whether to penalize the company for failing to comply with its license requirements. When the agency last fined the company, in September, Musk erupted, saying the FAA was engaged in “lawfare,” employing a term used by Trump and his allies to decry his various criminal indictments.
转向 Starlink 同样引人注目，现任和前 FAA 及 DOT 官员告诉我，因为马斯克将从其政府合同中获利，而且该公司在该机构面前还有其他重要利益。FAA 的商业航天运输办公室决定是否授权 SpaceX 的商业火箭发射——以及是否对该公司未能遵守许可证要求进行处罚。当该机构在九月份对该公司处以罚款时，马斯克愤怒地表示，FAA 正在进行“法律战”，这是特朗普及其盟友用来谴责他各种刑事指控的术语。
“One deals with a certain amount of that pushback all the time,” John Putnam, a former Department of Transportation general counsel, told me. “Musk’s anger certainly rose to a higher level.”
“我们总是要应对一定程度的抵制，”前运输部首席法律顾问约翰·普特南告诉我。“穆斯克的愤怒无疑达到了一个更高的水平。”
Now the billionaire is trying a different tack, one that could leave the agency even more beholden to Musk’s whims. As an agency official told me, “Mr. Musk has been very generous … He offered to supply as many Starlink terminals as we need.”
现在这位亿万富翁尝试了一种不同的方式，这可能会使该机构更加依赖马斯克的任性。正如一位机构官员对我所说：“马斯克先生非常慷慨……他提议供应我们所需的任意数量的 Starlink 终端。”
About the Author 关于作者
艾萨克·斯坦利-贝克是《大西洋月刊》的工作人员，专注于政治和国家安全。他可以通过 Signal 联系，账号是 isaacstanleybecker.48。
