Chen, Zhou 陈周
Business School, Xiangtan University
湘潭大学商学院
2024
Materials based on Criscuolo et al. (2022)
材料基于 Criscuolo 等人。 (2022)
No single, clear-cut definitions
没有单一、明确的定义
All types of instruments that intend to structurally improve the performance of the domestic business sector
旨在从结构上改善国内业务部门绩效的所有类型的工具
A vast set of policies
一系列庞大的政策
are excluded from IP 被排除在IP之外
There is a standard distinction between horizontal and targeted (or “vertical”) industrial policies.
横向产业政策和定向(或“纵向”)产业政策之间存在标准区别。
Irrespective of 不论
e.g. R&D tax credits 例如研发税收抵免
are restricted to a subset of eligible firms
仅限于符合条件的公司的子集
Horizontal policies is not restricted to specific sectors
横向政策不限于特定行业
Disproportionally benefit a small number of sectors or firms.
少数部门或公司受益匪浅。
R&D tax credits mostly concern R&D intensive sectors
研发税收抵免主要涉及研发密集型行业
are defined as tools used by policymakers to affect performance outcomes
被定义为政策制定者用来影响绩效结果的工具
a consistent and articulated group of policy instruments designed in order to reach specific policy objectives
为实现具体政策目标而设计的一组一致且明确的政策工具
A fictitious example 一个虚构的例子
Polices that 政策
is regarded as a necessary enabler of successful policy interventions
Coordinate
Chen, Zhou 陈周
Business School, Xiangtan University
湘潭大学商学院
2024
Materials based on Criscuolo et al. (2022)
材料基于 Criscuolo 等人。 (2022)
No single, clear-cut definitions
没有单一、明确的定义
All types of instruments that intend to structurally improve the performance of the domestic business sector
旨在从结构上改善国内业务部门绩效的所有类型的工具
A vast set of policies
一系列庞大的政策
are excluded from IP 被排除在IP之外
There is a standard distinction between horizontal and targeted (or “vertical”) industrial policies.
横向产业政策和定向(或“纵向”)产业政策之间存在标准区别。
Irrespective of 不论
e.g. R&D tax credits 例如研发税收抵免
are restricted to a subset of eligible firms
仅限于符合条件的公司的子集
Horizontal policies is not restricted to specific sectors
横向政策不限于特定行业
Disproportionally benefit a small number of sectors or firms.
少数部门或公司受益匪浅。
R&D tax credits mostly concern R&D intensive sectors
研发税收抵免主要涉及研发密集型行业
are defined as tools used by policymakers to affect performance outcomes
被定义为政策制定者用来影响绩效结果的工具
a consistent and articulated group of policy instruments designed in order to reach specific policy objectives
为实现具体政策目标而设计的一组一致且明确的政策工具
A fictitious example 一个虚构的例子
Polices that 政策
is regarded as a necessary enabler of successful policy interventions
被视为成功政策干预的必要推动因素
Coordinate 协调
Scope and instruments 范围和工具
focusing on subsets of the economy they deem to deserve support
关注他们认为值得支持的经济子集
Either target a sector or a group of interlinked sectors
针对一个部门或一组相互关联的部门
Aim
New arguments are emerging in the recent literature
最近的文献中不断出现新的论点
Sectoral productivity increases with experience
部门生产力随着经验的增加而提高
is mixed 是混合的
Asian: the experience of industrial policies in the Asian countries gives credit to the infant industries narrative
亚洲:亚洲国家的产业政策经验为新兴产业的叙述提供了依据
Counterfactual studies supporting this assertion are scarce and give contrasting results (Criscuolo et al., 2022)
支持这一主张的反事实研究很少,并且给出了相反的结果(Criscuolo 等人,2022)
imply that firm productivity increases with sector size (as opposed to firm size)
意味着企业生产率随着部门规模(而不是企业规模)的增加而增加
Insufficient to identify the sectors that are subject to external economies of scale
不足以识别受外部规模经济影响的部门
Early investors 早期投资者
Subsequent investors 后续投资者
Followers benefit from the risk having been taken by first entrants, which should therefore be supported
追随者受益于先行者所承担的风险,因此应该得到支持
Industries with barriers to entry
有进入壁垒的行业
The creation of Airbus is the most famous example of a successful policy in the context of competition creation
空中客车公司的创建是创造竞争背景下成功政策的最著名例子
In value chains, the productivity of upstream sectors has an impact on the performance of downstream sectors
在价值链中,上游部门的生产率对下游部门的绩效产生影响
Economic resilience 经济韧性
Some projects may require several (compatible) simultaneous investments.
有些项目可能需要多个(兼容的)同时投资。
Complex products may need a vast network of suppliers
复杂的产品可能需要庞大的供应商网络
Governments should step in through exchanges of information and cooperation between the stakeholders
政府应通过利益相关者之间的信息交流和合作来介入
A coordinated package of research and innovation policy and regulatory measures tailored specifically to address well-defined objectives related to a societal challenge
专门为解决与社会挑战相关的明确目标而定制的协调一致的研究和创新政策和监管措施
They are ‘transformation-oriented’
他们“以转型为导向”
can justify the use of mission-oriented policies
可以证明使用以任务为导向的政策的合理性
In addition to the traditional knowledge: spillovers
除了传统知识:溢出效应
A mission requires simultaneous investments occurring in different industries
一项使命需要在不同行业同时进行投资
A political economy argument in favour of mission-oriented policies (Bloom, Van Reenen and Williams, 2019)
支持使命导向政策的政治经济学论证(Bloom、Van Reenen 和 Williams,2019)
aim at fostering innovation, diffusion and, productivity
旨在促进创新、扩散和生产力
aim at affecting the regional distribution of economic activity
旨在影响经济活动的区域分布
stems from the Marshallian externalities:
源于马歇尔外部性:
Geographical agglomeration
地理集聚
bring together research institutions, large firms, start-ups and SMEs to
汇集研究机构、大公司、初创企业和中小企业
Such as 例如
Past policies were found to be little effective
过去的政策被认为收效甚微
New wave of cluster policies may be different
新一波集群政策或将有所不同
Different types of strategies may in some instances overlap
在某些情况下,不同类型的策略可能会重叠
justify the use of industrial strategies
证明产业战略使用的合理性
notably competition and trade policies
尤其是竞争和贸易政策
can direct technological change and growth, but should be handled with care
可以指导技术变革和增长,但应谨慎处理
Access to information 获取信息
Rent-seeking 寻租
General equilibrium effects
一般均衡效应
can contribute to transformative industrial change
可以为革命性的工业变革做出贡献
the available evidence remains scarce and mainly focused on the effect of investment incentives
现有证据仍然很少,主要集中在投资激励措施的效果上
Recent advances in data collection, storage and analytics (notably machine learning) may lower the cost of policy impact evaluation
数据收集、存储和分析(尤其是机器学习)方面的最新进展可能会降低政策影响评估的成本